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A Level geog > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hazard perceptions

A

Fatalistic- View the hazard as predestined as an act from God
Adaptational- Changes made to ways of life in oder to mitigate the effects af the hazard
Fear- Moving away from the hazard site

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2
Q

Factors Influencing Hazard Perception

A

Wealth
Education
Experience
Religion

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3
Q

Describe the Park Response Model

A

Park Model covers the human response to a hazard event

The steepness of the curve shows the quickness of the destruction or recovery,

There are 3 stages; Dterioration, normality and improvement

It also gives an estimation of time

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4
Q

Why is the Park Response model useful

A

Acts as a control line to compare hazards

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5
Q

Describe the Hazard Management Cycle

A

Stage 1: Response
Stage 2: Recovery
Stage 3: Mitigation
Stage 4: Preparedness

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6
Q

What are the types of Plate Tectonics

A

Conservative, where 2 plates run alongside eathother
Collisionary, where 2 plates of equal density
meet
Destructive, where 2 plates of different densities meet causing one to sudbuct
Constructive, plates move apart from each other causing tears to form in the earth’s crust

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7
Q

Explain the structure of the Earth

A

inner core: solid ball of iron/nickle, very hot due to pressure and radioactive activity

Outer core: Semi Molten, Iron/nickle

Mantle: Semi Molten rocks made from silicon

Aesthenosphere, semi molten layer containing the convection currents

Lithosphere, broken into plates

Crust, Continental plates are less dense and not broken by plate movements but oceanic plates are dense and broken by plate movements

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8
Q

Plate Tectonic Theory

A

Wegener (1912) Theorised the super continent of Pangea by identifying that the plates would fit together (his theorgy becan known as continental drift)

Holmes (1929) theorised convection currents and paleomagnetism

Hess (1962) theorised Sea Floor Spreading (ridge push, slab pull, gravitational sliding)

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9
Q

What Year did Wegner theorise Pangea

A

1912

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10
Q

What Year did Holmes theorise Paleomagnetism and Convection Currents

A

1929

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11
Q

What Year did Hess theroise sea floor spreading?

A

1962

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12
Q

What is Slab Pull

A

Destructive Boundary, as plate subducts it pulls the rest of the plate behind in

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13
Q

What is Ridge Push

A

Magma rises as the plates move apart causing plates to become denser as it cools, as th eplate is heavier it begins to slide away from the ridge

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14
Q

What is a rift valley

A

Lowland forming on constructive plates between the 2 plates, found on land or in the ocean (sea floor spreading)

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15
Q

What is an Ocean Ridge

A

Form at constructive plate boundaries, Convection currents in Earth’s mantle, where hot material rises up then spreads laterally as it reaches the base of the lithosphere (the crust and upper mantle), slowly pull the plates apart. As the plates move apart, pressure beneath them is reduced, allowing the upper mantle to melt, forming magma. The magma then rises up between the plates and is erupted onto the sea floor, where it cools to form new oceanic crust.

Long ridges of mountain

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16
Q

What is a deep sea trench

A

Form on a destructive plate boundary, created thorugh the process of subduction

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17
Q

Explain the formation of Island Arcs

A

Series of volcanoes forming on a destructive margin, can also be found due to hot spots

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18
Q

Hot Spots

A

Extreme heat generatede from the earths core causes magma plumes, or upwellings of hot rock that rises through the magma just below the lithosphere, Seen in Hawaii, cause volcanoes away from plate margins

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19
Q

What percentage of Volcanoes occur close to plate margins?

A

95%

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20
Q

What are the features of Rhyolitic Magma

A
  • High silica content means high viscocity, slow flowing
  • Relatively low temperatures of lava (600 - 900 C)
  • Large explosive eruptions
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21
Q

What are the features of Andesitic Magma

A
  • Relatively viscous
  • Lava between 800 - 1000 C
  • Eruptions can be highly explosive especially when it has been dormant for a while
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22
Q

What are the features of Basaltic Magma

A
  • Low silica content, low viscocity
  • Non explosive eruptions but erupt regularly

-Between 1000 - 1200 C

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23
Q

Nuees Ardents

A

Clouds of burning hot ash and gas that collapses down a volcano at high speeds

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24
Q

Pyroclastic Flow

A

Clouds of burning hot ash and gas that collapses down a volcano at high speeds, can reach up to 430 mph

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25
Q

Lahars

A

Snow/ice atop volcano melts due to high temperatures, flows down the sides of the volcano, can cause landslides/mudflows or flooding

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26
Q

Tephra

A

Rock fragments ejected form the volcano during eruption

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27
Q

Acid Rain

A

Sulphur dioxide released during eruption, enters water source, during precipitation it forms acid rain

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28
Q

What is the Spatial Distribution of Volcanoes

A

Found mainly aong constructive and destructive boundaries or on hotspots

29
Q

How is Vulcanicity measured

A

VEI (Volcanic explosivity index)

30
Q

How many Volcanoes erupt a month on average?

A

50 to 60, VEI varies

31
Q

Are Volcanoes easy to predict?

A

Seismic activity, gases releasing, elevation etc. can all indicate an imminent eruption, but there is no definite predictions to a volcanic eruption.

32
Q

What are the primary impacts of Volcanic eruptions

A
  • Environmental, ecosystem damage

-Economic, Buisness interrupted, infrastructure destroyed

-Social, deaths, homes destroyed

33
Q

What are the secondary impacts of Volcanic eruptions

A
  • Environmental, acid rain, global warming

-Economic, Jobs lost, tourism impacted

-Social, trauma, homelessness

34
Q

Responses to Volcanic hazards

A
  • Preparedness, monitor volcanoes, educations and drills

-Mitigation, Improve infrastructure, evacuations

-Adaptations, move away from areas of risk

35
Q

Iceland 2010, E14

A
  • No deaths
  • 4 VEI
  • 500 evacuated
  • Warning signal sent out
36
Q

Montserrat, 1995 - 97

A
  • 19 dead
  • Large scale evacuations
  • Abandon capital city
37
Q

Ontake, 2014

A
  • 56 dead

-VEI 3

  • No warnings
38
Q

Where is the focus and the epicentre

A

Focus - Deep underground where the earthquake forms

Epicentre - Area above ground, directle above focus

39
Q

What is the spatial distribution of Earthquakes?

A

Occur along all plate boundaries, Ring of fire accounts for 90% of all earthquakes

40
Q

What is the frequency of Earthquakes?

A

Occur every day

41
Q

Are Earthquakes easy to predict?

A

Impossible to predict

42
Q

What are the hazards associated with Earthquakes?

A

Shockwaves - vibrates ground, the further away from the focus the weaker the waves

Tsunami

Liquefaction - Particles become loose due to ground shaking, usually sandy soils, join with goundwater to look like liquid, can cause damage to key infrastructure

43
Q

What are the primary impacts of Earthquakes?

A
  • Environmental, Liquefaction

-Economical, Businesses destroyed

  • Social, Buildings collapse injuring people
44
Q

What are the Secondary Hazards of Earthquakes?

A
  • Environmental, Radioactive materials leak into environment, salt water from tsunami

-Economic, tourism interrupted, high cost of rebuilding

  • Social, Disease
45
Q

Respons and Mangement of Earthquakes

A
  • Preparedness, drills, evacuation warnings
  • Mitigation, Demolish older buildings, Search and rescue, tsunami sea walls
  • Adaptation, Move away from risk area, build earthquake proof buildings
46
Q

Haiti 2010

A
  • Magnitude 7

-316 k dead

  • 10 mi from capital, port au prince
  • 7.9 b in damages
  • 1.5 m homeless

-1/5 lost jobs

  • 1.1 b in aid
47
Q

Japan 2011

A
  • Magnitude 9.1
  • 15k dead
  • Resulted in a tsunami
  • 333 k in temporary accomodation
  • 300 b in damages
  • Coast drops 60 cm
  • 4.4 m with no power
48
Q

What conditions are needed for a tropical storm?

A
  • Water temperatures of at least 26.5 C
  • Deep waters (at least 50m)
  • Winds in a swirling motion
  • Tropical Storms form around the equator, between the tropics of cancer and capricorn
49
Q

Describe the formation of a tropical storm

A
  1. Warm moist air rises leaving an area of low pressure below
  2. After rising the air begins to cool, condensing into storm clouds
  3. Energy from the warm water gives the storm energy
  4. When the tropical storm reaches a coast, the low pressure and high winds will cause a
    large amount of sea water to be taken into the system and then released as a high wave
    called a storm surge.
  5. After reaching land the storm falls apart after losing it’s energy source
50
Q

How frequent are tropical storms?

A

Occur from June to November in the northern hemisphere and from November to April in the sothern hemisphere

51
Q

Are tropical storms easy to predict?

A

Form away from land mesning they can be tracked using satellites, using this data their paths can be predicted

52
Q

What hazards are associated with tropical storms?

A
  • High winds of over 300km/h

-Flooding

-Landslides

  • Storm Surges
53
Q

What are the primary impacts of a storm?

A
  • Environmental, habitats destroyed, beaches eroded
  • Economic, Agricultural land destroyed, business interrupted

-Social, loss of life

54
Q

What are the secondary impacts of a storm?

A
  • Environmental, Salt contamination, wildlife misplaced
  • Economic, Rebuilding cost
  • Social, Homelessness, disease
55
Q

Response and management of a storm

A
  • Preparedness, education and drills
  • Mitigation, Clear loose debris before storm
  • Adaptation, flood defences, move away from area
56
Q

Typhoon Haiyan, 2013

A
  • Category 5
  • Philippines hit the worst
  • 14.1m were affected
  • 6190 dead
  • 5.8 b damages
  • 1.9m homeless
  • 90% of Tacloban was destroyed
  • 800k evacuated
  • 1.5b sent in aid
57
Q

Hurricane Katrina, 2005

A
  • 80% of New Orleans is flooded
  • 1836 dead
  • 16 National Wildlife parks closed
  • 44 Oil Spills
  • 33 Tornados
  • Storm surge reaced over 30 ft
  • Wind topped 175 mph

-81 b in property damage

58
Q

Conditions leading to intense wildfire

A
  • Thick close together vegetation
  • Dry conditions
  • Recent temperature increases have led to an increase in wildfires
59
Q

How frequently do wildfires occur?

A

There are arguments that despite climate change, wildfires are not increasing everywhere.

Studies have shown that this is somewhat true; between 1998 and 2015 globally burned areadeclined about 24 percent. However, this may also be down to agricultural productivity and land use change as there are less areas that can be burned

60
Q

Fire behavior

A

Crown Fires - burn trees from top to bottom

Surface Fires - Burn leaf matter, easy to extinguish

Ground fires - Burn dry peat and veg beneath the surface

61
Q

What percentage of wildfires are caused by human activity?

A

80%

62
Q

What are the primary impacts of wildfires?

A
  • Environmental, loss of wildlife, air pollution
  • Economic, cost of recovery, business interrupted
  • Social, loss of life
63
Q

What are the secondary impacts of wildfires?

A
  • Removal of invasive species and improved soil germination
  • Economic, cost of rebuilding
  • Social, lund diseases such as asmtha, Homelessness
64
Q

Australia 2009

A
  • 48 C
  • ‘Black Saturday’
  • 400 individual fires
  • 500 injured
  • 173 dead
  • Burned 4500 km2
  • Most of the fires were a result of Arson
65
Q

Multihazardous Environment, Philippines

A
  • In 2013, Earthquake left 200 dead, Typhoon Haiyn killed 6201 and a flood killed 64
  • Pacific ring of fire
  • High Population density
  • 22 active volcanoes (including mount Pinatubo)
66
Q

Local Case Study, Los Angeles

A

Situated on a fault line, most recent serious earthquake was in 1994, magnitude 6.7 only lasted 30 seconds but 60 died, 30m in damage, 200,000 left without water, 3 million with no electricity

LA has adapted by putting caps on vehicle emissions, having a special car lane for free ways and the use of alternative fuels

Pollution levels are the lowest in 40 years

The amount and distribution of smog
vary daily and seasonally. During one
recent year, 100 days were classed as
“very unhealthy” and a further 110
were “unhealthy”. Local residents
suffer from the same amount of lung
damage as someone who smokes 10
cigarettes per day

There aer also issues arising from flooding, landslides and wild fires

Serious fires occurede in 1993 when 4 were killed and over 100 homes were destroyed

67
Q

Responses to Katrina

A

American Red Cross largest relief effort in its history

Most of aid from within us 62 billion

Many victims moved to other states

68
Q

Responses to Typhoon Haiyan

A

1.5 b in foreign aid

800k evacuated before hazard

A Level geog (6 decks)

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