Water

Question 1

Water

Answer 1

inorganic
stabilizes body temp
protection
necessary for chemical reactions of life
mixing medium

Question 2

solution

Answer 2

liquid, gas, solid uniformly distributed

Question 3

acid

Answer 3

a proton donor, or any substance that releases hydrogen ions

Question 4

bases

Answer 4

a proton acceptor, or any substance that binds or accepts hydrogen ions

Question 5

salts

Answer 5

a cation consisting of other than an hydrogen ion and the than an anion or hydroxide ion

Question 6

buffers

Answer 6

a solution resist change in pH

Question 7

pH scale

Answer 7

refers to Hydrogen ion concentration in a solution:
neutral = pH7, equal hydrogen and hydroxide ions
acidic = greater concentration of hydrogen ions
alkaline = greater concentration of hydroxide ions

Question 8

Organic chemistry

Answer 8

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), ATP

Question 9

carbohydrates

Answer 9

monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides: two monosaccharides bound together=sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharides: long chains of monosaccharides=glycogen (animal), starch & cellulose (plant)

Question 10

lipids = relatively insoluble in water

Answer 10

fats: broken down by hydrolysis
triglycerides: composed of glycerol and fatty acids
phospholipids: important component of cell membrane
eicosanoids: derived from fatty acids
steroids: cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone
fat-soluble Vitamins

Question 11

Phospholipids

Answer 11

Polar/hydrophilic region: phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen

Nonpolar/hydrophobic region: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (fatty acids)

Question 12

steroids

Answer 12

four-ringed molecules (carbon atoms bound together)

cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone

Question 13

Proteins

Answer 13

20 amino acid: building blocks of protein
Peptide bonds: covalent bonds formed between amino acids
role = regulation, transport, protection, contraction, structure, energy

Question 14

protein structure

Answer 14

primary: amino acid sequence.
secondary: hydrogen bonds cause amino acid chain to form folded coils
tertiary: interactions within polypeptide and its immediate environment
quaternary: relationships between individual subunits

Question 15

enzyms

Answer 15

lock-and-key model, active site, cofactors, coenzymes

Question 16

peptide bonds

Answer 16

covalent bonds between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis. dipeptide (2), tripeptide (3), polypeptide (many amino acids)

Question 17

nucleic acids:

Answer 17

DNA=genetic material of cells copied from one generation to next. composed of 2 strands of nucleotides
RNA=4 different nucleotides make up organic bases except thymine is replaced with uracil

Question 18

DNA structure

Answer 18

DNA molecules is two strands of nucleotides form a double stranded helix. Deboxyribose molecules and phosphate groups of each strand are joined by covalent bonds. Strands are held together by hydrogen bonds: adenine binds to thymine, cytosine binds to guanine.

Question 19

Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 19

capable of storing and providing energy. ATP provides energy for other chemical reactions as anabolism, or drive cell processes, such as muscle contraction. Energy-requiring chemical reactions stop when ATP levels become inadequate.