Water Flashcards
Water
inorganic stabilizes body temp protection necessary for chemical reactions of life mixing medium
solution
liquid, gas, solid uniformly distributed
acid
a proton donor, or any substance that releases hydrogen ions
bases
a proton acceptor, or any substance that binds or accepts hydrogen ions
salts
a cation consisting of other than an hydrogen ion and the than an anion or hydroxide ion
buffers
a solution resist change in pH
pH scale
refers to Hydrogen ion concentration in a solution:
neutral = pH7, equal hydrogen and hydroxide ions
acidic = greater concentration of hydrogen ions
alkaline = greater concentration of hydroxide ions
Organic chemistry
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), ATP
carbohydrates
monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides: two monosaccharides bound together=sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharides: long chains of monosaccharides=glycogen (animal), starch & cellulose (plant)
lipids = relatively insoluble in water
fats: broken down by hydrolysis
triglycerides: composed of glycerol and fatty acids
phospholipids: important component of cell membrane
eicosanoids: derived from fatty acids
steroids: cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone
fat-soluble Vitamins
Phospholipids
Polar/hydrophilic region: phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen
Nonpolar/hydrophobic region: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (fatty acids)
steroids
four-ringed molecules (carbon atoms bound together)
cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone
Proteins
20 amino acid: building blocks of protein
Peptide bonds: covalent bonds formed between amino acids
role = regulation, transport, protection, contraction, structure, energy
protein structure
primary: amino acid sequence.
secondary: hydrogen bonds cause amino acid chain to form folded coils
tertiary: interactions within polypeptide and its immediate environment
quaternary: relationships between individual subunits
enzyms
lock-and-key model, active site, cofactors, coenzymes
peptide bonds
covalent bonds between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis. dipeptide (2), tripeptide (3), polypeptide (many amino acids)
nucleic acids:
DNA=genetic material of cells copied from one generation to next. composed of 2 strands of nucleotides
RNA=4 different nucleotides make up organic bases except thymine is replaced with uracil
DNA structure
DNA molecules is two strands of nucleotides form a double stranded helix. Deboxyribose molecules and phosphate groups of each strand are joined by covalent bonds. Strands are held together by hydrogen bonds: adenine binds to thymine, cytosine binds to guanine.
Adenosine Triphosphate
capable of storing and providing energy. ATP provides energy for other chemical reactions as anabolism, or drive cell processes, such as muscle contraction. Energy-requiring chemical reactions stop when ATP levels become inadequate.
