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Chap1 - 3 > chap 3 Cell > Flashcards

chap 3 Cell Flashcards

1
Q

cell characteristic functions:

A
  1. cell metabolism and energy release
  2. synthesis of molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids)
  3. communication (nerve cells & muscle cells)
  4. reproduction and inheritance
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2
Q

Cell= basic unit of life

A
  • Plasma membrane (outer boundary)
  • Cytoplasm = intracellular fluid (between Plasma membrane and nucleus)
  • Organelles (specialized structure p.58)
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3
Q

plasma membrane

A

separates intracellular and extracellular.
- membrane potential = regulation of ion movement into and out of the cell.
- Lipids: 45-50%, Protein: 45-50%
carbohydrate 4-8% (combine with lipids) = glycolipids - carbohydrates (with protein) = glycoproteins
- fluid-mosaic model (p.61)

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4
Q

membrane lipids

A
  • phospholipids form a lipid bilayer
  • hydrophilic polar heads
  • hydrophobic nonpolar tail
  • cholesterol: determines fluid nature of membrane. provide stability to plasma membrane.
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5
Q

membrane proteins

A

integral (intrinsic): extend from on surface to the other

peripheral (extrinsic): attached to either inner or outer surface of lipid bilayer

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6
Q

marker molecules

A

allow cells to identify on other cells or other molecules.

mostly Glycoproteins or Glycolipids. Ex: immune system, oocyte by sperm cell

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7
Q

transport proteins

A

Channel proteins
Carrier proteins (transporters)
ATP-powered pumps

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8
Q

channel proteins

A
  • nongated ion channels (open)
  • ligand (key) gated ion channel (small molecules bind to proteins or glycoproteins)
  • voltage-gated ion channel (when change in membrane potential)
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9
Q

receptors (p.66)

A
  • receptor site on outer cell surface, which can attach to specific chemical signals.
  • receptors linked to channel protein (Na+channel for 2acetylcholine molecules)
  • receptors linked to G protein complex: alter activity on inner surface of plasma membrane
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10
Q

G proteins

A

alpha, beta, and gamma

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11
Q

enzyme: some membrane protein function as enzyme

A

catalyze (increase rate) chemical reactions on inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane.

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12
Q

carrier proteins = facilitated diffusion P.63

A

carrier molecules bind and move substances across the plasma membrane with no-ATP use. higher to lower concentration. specificity, competition, saturation =rate of transport limited to number of available carrier proteins.

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13
Q

diffusion (viscosity)

A

movement of molecules (solutes) from higher to lower concentration (solution). lipid soluble molecules (such as steroid hormones) dissolve in the lipid bilayer; ions and small molecules (such as Cl- and urea) diffuse through membrane channels.

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14
Q

osmosis

A

water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane; water diffuses through lipid bilayer (ex. water moves from intestines into the blood)

  • Hypotonic (high solute concentration): cell swells=lysis
  • Isotonic: no net water movement; cell remains normal.
  • Hypertonic (low solute concentration): cell shrinks=crenation
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15
Q

mediated transport:

A
  • Facilitated diffusion = carrier/channel mediated; higher to lower concentration.
  • Active transport = requiers energy ATP; fueled by breakdown of ATP can be lower to high concentrations. Na+-K+ pump.
  • Secondary active transport = ions or molecules move in same (simport) or different direction (antiport).
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16
Q

Secondary active transport:

P.74

A

active transport of an ion; ex. glucose moves lumen of intestine into epithelial cells. requires 2 transport proteins: 1. Na+-K+ pump moves Na+ out of cell 2. a carrier protein helps movement of Na+ and glucose into the cell.

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17
Q

endocytosis

A

uptake of substances by formation of a vesicle (pouch).

  1. portion of plasma membrane wraps around a particle.
  2. Then “pinches off” so the enclosed particle is within the cytoplasm and plasma membrane is left intact.
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18
Q

Types of endocytosis:

p.75

A
  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor mediated endocytosis:
    1. receptors bind to molecules 2.receptors and the bound molecules are taken into the cell as a vesicle form 3. vesicle fuses and separates from plasma membrane.
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19
Q

exocytosis

A

accumulated vesicle secretions expelled from cell.

  • secretion of digestive enzymes by pancreas
  • secretion of mucus by salivary glands
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20
Q

cytoplasm

A

cellular material between nucleus and plasma membrane.

- cytosol: fluid portion of cytoplasm (fluid/organelles=50/50).

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21
Q

Cytoskelton: supports the cell:

A
  • Microtubles help provide support and structure to cytoplasm, cell division, transport, form organelles = centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, flagella.
  • Microfilaments (actin filaments) = muscle cells
  • Intermediate filaments = protein fibers can be up to a meter long = nerve cells
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22
Q

cytoplasmic inclusions

A
  • hemoglobin in red blood cell
  • melanin colors the skin
  • dust, minerals, dyes accumulate in the cytoplasm
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23
Q

organelles

P.58

A
  • structures within cells that specialized for particular functions (manufacture proteins, producing ATP)
  • Most have membrane that separates interior of organelles from cytoplasm
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24
Q

centrioles

A
  • centrosome: specialized zone near nucleus

- each unit consists of microtubules (triplet) = spindle fibers

25
nucleus
- DNA dispersed (spread) throughout, but cannot see. - proteins include "histones" are important for the structures of DNA. - nuclear envelope: regulates movement of materials in/out - chromatin contains DNA, form chromosomes just before cell division - nucleolus: dense; large and small ribosomal units are manufactured.
26
chromosome structure:
Chromosomes are dispersed throughout the nucleus as delicate filaments: chromatin. During cell division, the chromatin condenses and forms chromosomes.
27
ribosomes
- sites of protein synthesis - composed of large and small subunit - free types, and types attached to endoplasmic reticulum
28
ribonucleic acid:
- messenger mRNA - ribosomal rRNA - transfer tRNA
29
endoplasmic reticulum: Rough: Smooth:
- network inside cytoplasm. - Cisternae: consists of broad, flattened interconnecting sacs and tubules (stacked like plates). - rough endoplasmic reticulum=ribosomes are attached - smooth endoplasmic reticulum=manufactures lipids; phospholipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, carbohydrates.
30
golgi apparatus
modification, packaging, distribution of proteins and lipids. - Cisternae=flattened sacs stacked on each other - concentrates - chemically modifies proteins to form glycoproteins - attaching lipids to proteins to form lipoproteins - then package into secretory vesicles carried to exocytosis, or become part of plasma membrane - highly developed in salivary gland and pancreas
31
Lysosomes:
membranous sacs produced by golgi apparatus. - contain variety of hydrolytic digestive enzymes. - enzymes within lysosomes digest: nucleic acid, proteins, polysaccharides, lipids. - certain white blood cells have large number of them contain enzymes to digest bacteria. - autophagy=self-eating=digest the organelles no longer functional.
32
peroxisomes
- smaller than lysosome, similar. - contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids, detoxify drugs and alcohol. - found many in liver and kidneys. - hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of breakdown. - enzyme catalase=breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water+oxygen.
33
proteasomes
- large protein complexes | - contain enzymes that break down and recycle proteins in cell
34
mitochondria
- provide energy for the cell. - major site of ATP synthesis. - membranes: cristae, and matrix (located inner membrane space)
35
microvilli (cylindrically shaped)
- extension of plasma membrane - many in each cell - increase the cell surface, do not move - 1/10 - 1/20 size of cilia. - contains: actin filaments, cytoplasm - found in intestine, kidney (absorption), hair cells inner ear.
36
cilia ( shorter than flagella)
- appendages (attachment); protection of cell. - capable of movement. - moves materials. - cells line our respiratory tract are ciliated, sweep debris within mucus back up the throat, keep the lungs clean.
37
flagella
- longer than cilia - only one per cell - move itself wave like fashion - sperm cell
38
mitosis | P.92-94
division of a cell's chromosomes into two new nuclei; each has the same amount/type of DNA as original nucleus. - chromatin becomes densely coiled to form mitotic chromosomes. - each mitotic chromosome contains 2 copies of original chromosome=individually called chromatids. - centromere attaches chromatids.
39
kinetochore (protein)
binds the centromere and provides point of attachment during mitosis.
40
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
complex system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs, physically continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. sometimes attached to ribosomes.
41
microtubules
cylinders of protein molecules present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella. During cell division, microtubules form spindle fibers which assist movement pf chromosomes.
42
microfilaments=actin filaments
long, very thin fibers usually occur in bundles or groupings. microvilli contain them. Can assemble and disassemble.
43
centrioles
- short cylinders with a 9+0 pattern of microtubules; 9 outer microtubule triplets and no center microtubules. - Each cell has a pair of centrioles in the centrosome, a region located near the cell nucleus. - During cell division, the pairs of centrioles separate so that each daughter cell gets one centrosome.
44
nuclear envelope:
double membrane continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. regulates movement of materials in/out
45
RNA polymerase:
enzyme that synthesizes complementary RNA molecule from DNA. RNA polymerase attaches to a DNA nucleotide sequence=promoter.
46
genetic code
- information contained in mRNA. carried in sets of 3 nucleotide units=codons. - Codon specifies the amino acid aspartic acid, and codon CGA specifies arginine. - AUG specifies methionine acts as a start codon which signals beginning of translation. - UAA, UGA, and UAG act as stop codons which signals end go translation.
47
translation:
synthesis of a protein at the ribosome in response to the codons of mRNA. translation requires ribosomes and tRNA. ribosome consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.
48
2 molecules form the majority of plasma membrane:
- proteins | - phospholipids
49
measure of a fluid resistance to flow:
viscosity
50
cytoplasmic membrane proteins functions:
- Marker molecules= allow cells to identify other cells or molecules - Receptor proteins= serve as binding site - Transport proteins= allow molecules and ions to pass through the cell membrane - Attachment proteins= anchor one cell to another - Enzyme= catalyze chemical reactions
51
translation steps:
1. ribosome bind to mRNA 2. tRNA anticodon binds to a mRNA codon 3. A new amino acid is linked to the growing peptide chain 4. tRNA is released from the ribosome, available to pick up another acid
52
cytosol
fluid portion of the cytoplasm | contains: cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic inclusions
53
cytoplasmic inclusions contains:
- lipid and glycogen granules = store energy-rich molecules - hemoglobin = transfers O2 - melanin = pigment - dust, minerals, dyes
54
cellular material outside nucleus but inside plasma membrane that contains organelles and cytosol is:
cytoplasma
55
cytoskeleton is composed of:
1. microtubules (shape) 2. actin filaments (movement) 3. intermediate filaments (protein fibers provide support and strength)
56
corries amino acids to the surface of ribosome:
tRNA
57
a copy of information in DNA:
mRNA
58
when combined with protein forms ribosomes:
rRNA

Chap1 - 3 (7 decks)

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