water

Question 1

Explain that water is the substance in which cells first developed and life’s processes still occur.

Answer 1

Water is the cradle of life. It’s the medium in which early cells evolved and continue to thrive. Its unique properties, such as high heat capacity and solvent abilities, enable vital biochemical reactions and provide the foundation for life’s processes, making it indispensable for all living organisms.
due to its many chemical and physical properties (cohesion, adhesions, high heat capacity, solvent properties-polarity, hydrogen bonding)

Question 2

Explain how a difference in electronegativity between two atoms results in a polar covalent bond.

Answer 2

When two atoms bond, sometimes one is more “greedy” for electrons. It hogs them, creating a small charge difference in the bond, making it polar.

The partial charge difference in a covalent bond results from one atom’s stronger pull on shared electrons, creating an uneven distribution of charge, leading to a polar covalent bond.
Basically, when 2 atoms (that have diff negative charges) bond, one attracts the others electrons, making the molecule more negatively charged, this then causes the molecule to be unstable/creating a partial charge difference, which ultimately causes a polar covalent bond.

Question 3

how many poles does a water molecule have?

Answer 3

a water molecule has 2 poles, a negative charge on the oxygen pole and a positive charge on the hydrogen pole. this is due to the uneven/unequal distributions of electrons in the molecule, this gives the water molecule a slight negative charge near the oxygen part and a light positive charge near the hydrogen part.

Question 4

how is water a polar molecule?

Answer 4

because there is an uneven distribution of electron density, basically when electrons aren’t shared equally between the atoms - electrons spend more time around the oxygen atoms rather than the hydrogen, this is because, since oxygen has more electrons around it is can attract more thus having a Hugh electronegativity, this allows the molecule (generally) to be more polar, and therefore creating a polar covent bond.

Question 5

how do water molecules connect/associate with each other?

Answer 5

they can connect through weak hydrogen bonds - they break and reform constantly, allowing water to change its shape depending on the environment.

Question 6

give me 4 properties of water:

Answer 6

1: its high heat capacity - can maintain its temp for a long period of time depending on environment - it absorbs alotta heat before it gets hot. (sweating, maintaining body temp etc)
2: adhesiveness - can stick to external things, other than itself.
3: cohesiveness - can stick to itself/help move thru things etc.
4: Hight surface tension - help animals and living organisms, water molecules stick together at the surface water to not break their bonds - due to cohesion and hydrogen bonding.

Question 7

why is a water molecule polar?

Answer 7

bcz It has two opp poles.

Question 8

what is an example of cohesion and adhesion in real-life?

Answer 8

capillary action in plants - water uses adhesion to stick to the sides of a object and cohesion to defy gravity and pull/help each other move upwards.

Question 9

What does it mean by hydrophilic?

Answer 9

loving water, able to solve in water.

Question 10

what does it mean by hydrophobic?

Answer 10

not loving water/against/ can not solve/sink in water.

Question 11

what substances are hydrophilic?

Answer 11

all ionic and polar substances.

Question 12

what substances are hydrophobic?

Answer 12

all non-ionic and non-polar substances.

Question 13

what is viscosity?

Answer 13

how thick a substance is - resistance of a fluid to a change in shape of movement.

Question 14

what’s a covalent bond?

Answer 14

chemical bond between 2 atoms formed by sharing electrons. - strong bond. a covalent bond is formed between oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule.

Question 15

what is electronegativity?

Answer 15

is it the measure of how strongly an atoms nucleus can attract external electrons - this is because pos attracts neg etc. the more electrons, the higher the electronegativity because the more electrons the neulces can attract.

Question 16

what is a metabolism?

Answer 16

is it the complex assortment of chemical reactions that allow for the bodies cells to change/break down food into energy/proteins. Enzymes and catalysts help speed up these reactions.

Question 17

enzyme?

Answer 17

proteins that help speed up metabolism or chemical reactions in our body. - it is a biological catalyst.

Question 18

what is an intermolecular force?

Answer 18

they are the attractive and repulsive forces that arise between molecules - covalent bonds.
- stick together - cohesion
an example of a weak intermolecular force are hydrogen bonds.

Question 19

what occurs when adhesion is greater than cohesion?

Answer 19

capillary action.

Question 20

aqueous solution?

Answer 20

solutes dissolved in water.

Question 21

cytoplasm?

Answer 21

liquid that fills inside of a cell.

Question 22

what creates cohesion in water molecules?

Answer 22

hydrogen bonds.

Question 23

Explain that water molecules are attracted to each other and that this property, cohesion, has important impacts on organisms.

Answer 23

Water molecules are attracted due to hydrogen bonds, creating cohesion. This property sustains life, enabling nutrient transport in plants and surface tension, vital for small organisms to move on water.

Question 24

Explain how the properties of water affect its roles as a metabolic medium and a means of transport.

Answer 24

Water’s solvent properties facilitate chemical reactions in metabolism. Cohesion and adhesion enable water to transport nutrients in plants and blood in animals, vital for sustaining life processes.

Question 25

Explain how the solvent properties of water are linked to its role as a medium for metabolism.

Answer 25

the solvent properties of water allow it to mix with different things inside the body, thus enabling the food to digest smoother and quicker, therefore allowing the metabolism to break down to food into energy easier.
- brings reactants together in biological processes/metabolism.

Question 26

Explain how the cohesive and adhesive properties of water are linked to its role as a medium for transport in plants and animals.

Answer 26

Water’s cohesion (stickiness to itself) and adhesion (stickiness to surfaces) help transport water and nutrients through plant xylem and animal blood vessels.

Question 27

Describe the properties of water including buoyancy, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity.

Answer 27

Buoyancy: Water’s density decreases when it freezes, allowing objects to float on its surface.
Viscosity: Water has relatively low viscosity, making it flow easily.
Thermal Conductivity: Water is a good conductor of heat, meaning it can transfer heat efficiently.
Specific Heat Capacity: Water has a high specific heat capacity, requiring a lot of energy to change its temperature, making it a good temperature stabilizer.

Question 28

Contrast, using examples, how the physical properties of water and air have consequences for animals that live in these two habitats.

Answer 28

Water’s higher density compared to air provides buoyancy for aquatic animals like fish. In contrast, terrestrial animals, like birds, use air’s lower density for flight.