carbssss Flashcards
where is carbon present
in the 4 major categories of biomolecules
1. carbs
2. lipids
3. protiens
4. nucleic acids
how many covalent bonds can carbon make
4 - these can be two double or four single covalent bonds
how to carbon atoms arrange themselves impact the way they look and perform functions?
they can arrange emselves:
1. branched structure - glycogen
2. straight chains - cellulose
3. ringed structures - pyrimadines in nitrogenous bases.
4. multiple ringed - purines
5. make tetrahedral structures - like histone proteins - 3d shit.
give me four examples of functional groups carbon forms..
- hydroxyl grp (-OH).
- Carboxyl grp (-COOH)
- Amino group (NH2)
- phosphate grp (H2PO4).
can carbon atoms form bonds w metallic grps
nah only organic and nonmetallic.
is a macromolecule and a polymer the same shit?
nah cuz a polymer only has that one typa molecule thingy in it, and a macromolecule has like many different things to make up an even bigger thing.
eg:
a organ is a macromolecule and a tissue is a polymer - this aint true but u get it.
polymers must consist of many repeating subunits - this is true
what is the process by which monomers join to form polymers
polymerization - its a thing due to a condensation reaction BUT NOT ALWAYS DUE TO A CR NOT ALEAUS
how r macromolecules formed tho
this is always thru condensation reactions bro
gimme examples of condensation reactions
- polysaccharides - the connection of carbs specifically - hydroxyl grps connect - specifically hydrogen of one hydroxyl grp and hydroxyl grp of other monosaccharide - bond is called a glycosidic bond.
- polypeptides - its the one for proteins - connection of amino acids - bond created is called a peptide bond.
- Nucleic acids - one for the nucleotides to come together thru a phosphodiester bond - cuz ur connecting the phosphate grp of one nucleotide to a sugar of other.
how r polymers digested/broken down
hydrolysis - u add water to break the polymer into a monomer again.
examples:
1. hydrolysis of an ester bond - oxygen and carbon atoms.
2. glycosidic bond - typa ester bond that connects a carb to sum else- carb or not we don’t care.
3. peptide bond - chemical bond by joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another.
general formula for a monosaccharide
C.H2.O.
gimme examples of types of monosaccharides and their carbon atom amount, cuz we all know that the amount of carbon atoms and where they r placed determines the structure and function of that cab.
- hexose - 6 carbon atoms, glucose - its a pentose but it has more shit attached to it
- triose - 3 carbon atoms - glyceraldehyde - looks like a stick person pointing a gun at someone.
- pentose - 5 c’s - ribose sugar - looks like a house.
what is The most well-known carbohydrate monomer
glucose (C6H12O6).
in what forms does glucose exist
alpha and beta - known as isomers of glucose
in alpha glucose molecules where’s the hydroxyl grp located
down
in beta glucose molecules where’s the hydroxyl grp located
up
what r the three main polysaccharides formed with diff glucose isomers
starch - alpha g - plants
glycogen - alpha g - animals
cellulose - beta g - platns
glucose is an example of a what?
hexose monosaccaride
properties of glucose
1 - energy storage
2- stable structure
3. easily transportable - water solubilitiy
- usually insoluble in anything other than water thi
main function of carbs
energy storage and structural molecules rem that
why r starch and glycogen good energy storage m’s
cuz they r
compact - large quantities in small spaces (compartmentalization)
insoluble - move thru lipid bilayer, won’t dissolve in cytop[lasm, and ensures cell don’t burst (hypotonic region , not in plants)
move easily.
why is cellulose good for structure in plants
big
strong
insoluble
have selective permeability
what’s starch
polysaccharide in plants. 2 main components - alpha glucose molecules
1. amylose
2. amylopectin
how is starch stored
Starch is stored as granules in chloroplasts
as little things in the cells chloroplast - its the place that has the green pigment thingy
what bond occurs within amylose, and does this make them branched or unbranched
only alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond, cuz remember glycosidic bonds r a type ester bond that occur between carbs and another thingy, could also b a carb.
makes em unbranched , more linear
what bond occurs within amylopectin, and does this make them branched or unbranched
1,4 glycosidic bond w occasional 1,6 alpha glycosidic bonds - makes em branched.
is amylose more or less able to be broken down than amylopectin
its less cuz its less branched, so it has less terminals - so less places for it to break down again - thru hydrolysis for cellular respiration to make energy in the form or atp.
bond in glycogen
1,4 and 1,6 alpha glycosidic - branched
what is glycogen
the stored form of glucose that’s made up of many connected glucose molecules.
why can glycogen be broken down easily
more branched than amylopcetin.
more terminals
more connecting and breaking down places
less linear
what do the molecules of cellulose look like
straight and unbranched - linear
what bond is created in cellulose
beta 1,4 glycosidic bond - makes is linear
the beta glucose molecules need to be inverted to connect so that the hydroxyl grps r in the same place to then be connected thru a condensation r.
what does the alternating pattern ofthe monomers in cellulose allow for?
hydrogen bonding - adding strength to the polymer - so this is what makes cellulose strong.
true or false Hydrogen bonds link several molecules of cellulose to form microfibrils
true dat
true or false amylose is the only glucose polysaccharide that has a helix shape
true
wassa glycoprotien
glucose molecule that’s connected to a protein thru a glycosidic bond, cuz they can dothat
they r classed as proteins
roles of glycoproteins
1 - receptors
2- cell-cell recognition
3-
