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carbssss Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where is carbon present

A

in the 4 major categories of biomolecules
1. carbs
2. lipids
3. protiens
4. nucleic acids

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2
Q

how many covalent bonds can carbon make

A

4 - these can be two double or four single covalent bonds

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3
Q

how to carbon atoms arrange themselves impact the way they look and perform functions?

A

they can arrange emselves:
1. branched structure - glycogen
2. straight chains - cellulose
3. ringed structures - pyrimadines in nitrogenous bases.
4. multiple ringed - purines
5. make tetrahedral structures - like histone proteins - 3d shit.

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4
Q

give me four examples of functional groups carbon forms..

A
  1. hydroxyl grp (-OH).
  2. Carboxyl grp (-COOH)
  3. Amino group (NH2)
  4. phosphate grp (H2PO4).
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5
Q

can carbon atoms form bonds w metallic grps

A

nah only organic and nonmetallic.

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6
Q

is a macromolecule and a polymer the same shit?

A

nah cuz a polymer only has that one typa molecule thingy in it, and a macromolecule has like many different things to make up an even bigger thing.
eg:
a organ is a macromolecule and a tissue is a polymer - this aint true but u get it.
polymers must consist of manyrepeating subunits - this is true

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7
Q

what is the process by which monomers join to form polymers

A

polymerization - its a thing due to a condensation reaction BUT NOT ALWAYS DUE TO A CR NOT ALEAUS

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8
Q

how r macromolecules formed tho

A

this is always thru condensation reactions bro

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9
Q

gimme examples of condensation reactions

A
  1. polysaccharides - the connection of carbs specifically - hydroxyl grps connect - specifically hydrogen of one hydroxyl grp and hydroxyl grp of other monosaccharide - bond is called a glycosidic bond.
  2. polypeptides - its the one for proteins - connection of amino acids - bond created is called a peptide bond.
  3. Nucleic acids - one for the nucleotides to come together thru a phosphodiester bond - cuz ur connecting the phosphate grp of one nucleotide to a sugar of other.
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10
Q

how r polymers digested/broken down

A

hydrolysis - u add water to break the polymer into a monomer again.
examples:
1. hydrolysis of an ester bond - oxygen and carbon atoms.
2. glycosidic bond - typa ester bond that connects a carb to sum else- carb or not we don’t care.
3. peptide bond - chemical bond by joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another.

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11
Q

general formula for a monosaccharide

A

C.H2.O.

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12
Q

gimme examples of types of monosaccharides and their carbon atom amount, cuz we all know that the amount of carbon atoms and where they r placed determines the structure and function of that cab.

A
  1. hexose - 6 carbon atoms, glucose - its a pentose but it has more shit attached to it
  2. triose - 3 carbon atoms - glyceraldehyde - looks like a stick person pointing a gun at someone.
  3. pentose - 5 c’s - ribose sugar - looks like a house.
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13
Q

what is The most well-known carbohydrate monomer

A

glucose (C6H12O6).

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14
Q

in what forms does glucose exist

A

alpha and beta - known as isomers of glucose

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15
Q

in alpha glucose molecules where’s the hydroxyl grp located

A

down

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16
Q

in beta glucose molecules where’s the hydroxyl grp located

A

up

17
Q

what r the three main polysaccharides formed with diff glucose isomers

A

starch - alpha g - plants
glycogen - alpha g - animals
cellulose - beta g - platns

18
Q

glucose is an example of a what?

A

hexose monosaccaride

19
Q

properties of glucose

A

1 - energy storage
2- stable structure
3. easily transportable - water solubilitiy
- usually insoluble in anything other than water thi

20
Q

main function of carbs

A

energy storage and structural molecules rem that

21
Q

why r starch and glycogen good energy storage m’s

A

cuz they r
compact - large quantities in small spaces (compartmentalization)
insoluble - move thru lipid bilayer, won’t dissolve in cytop[lasm, and ensures cell don’t burst (hypotonic region , not in plants)
move easily.

22
Q

why is cellulose good for structure in plants

A

big
strong
insoluble
have selective permeability

23
Q

what’s starch

A

polysaccharide in plants. 2 main components - alpha glucose molecules
1. amylose
2. amylopectin

24
Q

how is starch stored

A

Starch is stored as granules in chloroplasts
as little things in the cells chloroplast - its the place that has the green pigment thingy

25
Q

what bond occurs within amylose, and does this make them branched or unbranched

A

only alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond, cuz remember glycosidic bonds r a type ester bond that occur between carbs and another thingy, could also b a carb.
makes em unbranched , more linear

26
Q

what bond occurs within amylopectin, and does this make them branched or unbranched

A

1,4 glycosidic bond w occasional 1,6 alpha glycosidic bonds - makes em branched.

27
Q

is amylose more or less able to be broken down than amylopectin

A

its less cuz its less branched, so it has less terminals - so less places for it to break down again - thru hydrolysis for cellular respiration to make energy in the form or atp.

28
Q

bond in glycogen

A

1,4 and 1,6 alpha glycosidic - branched

29
Q

what is glycogen

A

the stored form of glucose that’s made up of many connected glucose molecules.

30
Q

why can glycogen be broken down easily

A

more branched than amylopcetin.
more terminals
more connecting and breaking down places
less linear

31
Q

what do the molecules of cellulose look like

A

straight and unbranched - linear

32
Q

what bond is created in cellulose

A

beta 1,4 glycosidic bond - makes is linear
the beta glucose molecules need to be inverted to connect so that the hydroxyl grps r in the same place to then be connected thru a condensation r.

33
Q

what does the alternating pattern ofthe monomers in cellulose allow for?

A

hydrogen bonding - adding strength to the polymer - so this is what makes cellulose strong.

34
Q

true or false Hydrogen bonds link several molecules of cellulose to form microfibrils

A

true dat

35
Q

true or false amylose is the only glucose polysaccharide that has a helix shape

A

true

36
Q

wassa glycoprotien

A

glucose molecule that’s connected to a protein thru a glycosidic bond, cuz they can dothat
they r classed as proteins

37
Q

roles of glycoproteins

A

1 - receptors
2- cell-cell recognition
3-

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