carbssss Flashcards
where is carbon present
in the 4 major categories of biomolecules
1. carbs
2. lipids
3. protiens
4. nucleic acids
how many covalent bonds can carbon make
4 - these can be two double or four single covalent bonds
how to carbon atoms arrange themselves impact the way they look and perform functions?
they can arrange emselves:
1. branched structure - glycogen
2. straight chains - cellulose
3. ringed structures - pyrimadines in nitrogenous bases.
4. multiple ringed - purines
5. make tetrahedral structures - like histone proteins - 3d shit.
give me four examples of functional groups carbon forms..
- hydroxyl grp (-OH).
- Carboxyl grp (-COOH)
- Amino group (NH2)
- phosphate grp (H2PO4).
can carbon atoms form bonds w metallic grps
nah only organic and nonmetallic.
is a macromolecule and a polymer the same shit?
nah cuz a polymer only has that one typa molecule thingy in it, and a macromolecule has like many different things to make up an even bigger thing.
eg:
a organ is a macromolecule and a tissue is a polymer - this aint true but u get it.
polymers must consist of many repeating subunits - this is true
what is the process by which monomers join to form polymers
polymerization - its a thing due to a condensation reaction BUT NOT ALWAYS DUE TO A CR NOT ALEAUS
how r macromolecules formed tho
this is always thru condensation reactions bro
gimme examples of condensation reactions
- polysaccharides - the connection of carbs specifically - hydroxyl grps connect - specifically hydrogen of one hydroxyl grp and hydroxyl grp of other monosaccharide - bond is called a glycosidic bond.
- polypeptides - its the one for proteins - connection of amino acids - bond created is called a peptide bond.
- Nucleic acids - one for the nucleotides to come together thru a phosphodiester bond - cuz ur connecting the phosphate grp of one nucleotide to a sugar of other.
how r polymers digested/broken down
hydrolysis - u add water to break the polymer into a monomer again.
examples:
1. hydrolysis of an ester bond - oxygen and carbon atoms.
2. glycosidic bond - typa ester bond that connects a carb to sum else- carb or not we don’t care.
3. peptide bond - chemical bond by joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another.
general formula for a monosaccharide
C.H2.O.
gimme examples of types of monosaccharides and their carbon atom amount, cuz we all know that the amount of carbon atoms and where they r placed determines the structure and function of that cab.
- hexose - 6 carbon atoms, glucose - its a pentose but it has more shit attached to it
- triose - 3 carbon atoms - glyceraldehyde - looks like a stick person pointing a gun at someone.
- pentose - 5 c’s - ribose sugar - looks like a house.
what is The most well-known carbohydrate monomer
glucose (C6H12O6).
in what forms does glucose exist
alpha and beta - known as isomers of glucose
in alpha glucose molecules where’s the hydroxyl grp located
down
in beta glucose molecules where’s the hydroxyl grp located
up
what r the three main polysaccharides formed with diff glucose isomers
starch - alpha g - plants
glycogen - alpha g - animals
cellulose - beta g - platns
glucose is an example of a what?
hexose monosaccaride
properties of glucose
1 - energy storage
2- stable structure
3. easily transportable - water solubilitiy
- usually insoluble in anything other than water thi
main function of carbs
energy storage and structural molecules rem that
why r starch and glycogen good energy storage m’s
cuz they r
compact - large quantities in small spaces (compartmentalization)
insoluble - move thru lipid bilayer, won’t dissolve in cytop[lasm, and ensures cell don’t burst (hypotonic region , not in plants)
move easily.
why is cellulose good for structure in plants
big
strong
insoluble
have selective permeability
what’s starch
polysaccharide in plants. 2 main components - alpha glucose molecules
1. amylose
2. amylopectin
how is starch stored
Starch is stored as granules in chloroplasts
as little things in the cells chloroplast - its the place that has the green pigment thingy
