WARD CLASS - MIDTERM ABO (MATERNAL) Flashcards
is determined by the antigens present on the surface of red blood cells
Blood typing
The markers on RBCs,
are known as
antigens
4 ABO Blood System
TYPE A, B, AB, O
RBCs lack both A and B antigens
Type O
occurs when a mother and her baby have mismatched blood types,
mother’s immune system to perceive the baby’s blood as foreign and produce
antibodies to attack it
ABO incompatibility
The incidence of ABO incompatibility is relatively common, affecting up to how much percenntage of pregnancies
15%
additional Rh factor
(protein D)
Most common (37% of the population) blood type:
● O+
Essential for emergency use, found in 6%. blood type:
● O-
Second most common (34%).blood type:
A+
Rarest blood type, less than 1% of the population. blood type:
AB-
In ABO-HDN, maternal antibodies attack the fetus’s RBCs, leading to their destruction. This
can cause
hemolytic anemia
the breakdown of RBCs
Hemolysis
Hemolysis produces what that can accumulate in newborns and cause jaundice
bilirubin
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND COMPLICATIONS
In newborns, ABO-HDN can present with
Jaundice
Anemia
Hydrops fetalis
Kernicterus: A
life-threatening condition involving fluid buildup in fetal tissues.
Hydrops fetalis
serious condition where bilirubin deposits in the brain,
Kernicterus
ABO incompatibility can be diagnosed through:
Blood Typing
Coombs Test
Cord Blood Tests
Bilirubin Monitoring
This is the Assessing the newborn’s blood for damage and hemolysis.
Cord Blood Tests:
THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Treatment options for ABO incompatibility include:
Phototherapy
Exchange Transfusion
Fluid and Nutrition Support
a condition in newborns characterized by high levels of bilirubin in the blood,
leading to jaundice
Hyperbilirubinemia
Jaundice Types:
● Physiological Jaundice:
● Pathological Jaundice:
● Breast Milk Jaundice:
a serious type of jaundice, appears within 24 hours, due to ABO-Rh incompatibility.
Pathological Jaundice
Refers to the measurement of bilirubin levels in the blood
Total Serum Bilirubin (TsB)
non-invasive method of estimating bilirubin levels using a device
placed on the skin, offering a quick and painless
Transcutaneous Bilirubin (TcB)
THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT FOR Hyperbilirubinemia
- Early Feeding
- Phototherapy
- Monitoring:
- Exchange Transfusion
Monitor bilirubin for how many days to check for recurrence.
2-3 days
Stimulates red blood cell production when bone marrow cannot compensate for hemolysis.
Erythropoietin Therapy
ABO/Rh Incompatibility Prevention: Administer what to a rh negative mother
Rh immunoglobulin (RhoGAM)
ABO Incompatibility: occurs during first pregnancy. T/F
TRUE
Rh Incompatibility: occurs in first pregnancy. T/F
False. RH INCOM does not bitch
ABO is less severe and can be treated with supportive care. T/F
TRUE
COMPARISON OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: ABO & RH
ABO Incompatibility:
- Occurs when maternal antibodies target A or B antigens in the baby’s red blood cells.
● Rh Incompatibility:
- Occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.
DIFFERENCE IN CLINICAL PRESENTATION ABO & RH
● ABO Incompatibility:
- Newborns may present with jaundice and mild anemia after birth.
Rh Incompatibility:
- More severe, especially in subsequent pregnancies.
ASSESSMENTS AND DIAGNOSIS ; RH ABO
● ABO Incompatibility:
- Diagnosed through blood typing
- Confirmed with a positive Coombs test.
● Rh Incompatibility:
- Diagnosed by testing the Rh status of the mother and baby.
- confirmed by Cord blood testing
