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MIDDLE EAST > War, oil and peacemaking 1967-79 > Flashcards

War, oil and peacemaking 1967-79 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Nasser embark on in 1969?

A

With support of the Soviets, Nasser embarked on artillery bombardment of Israeli positions on the eastern bank of the Suez Canal and periodic commando raids across the canal

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2
Q

What was Nasser’s strategy for the bombardment in 1969?

A

Bring about Israeli withdrawal from Sinai

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3
Q

How did Israel retaliate to Egypt’s bombardment in 1969?

A

Retaliated with air attacks which destroyed Egypt’s air defence missile system

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4
Q

What had Israel been supplied with since 1968?

A

Supplied with advanced fighter jets by the USA

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5
Q

How long did the ‘war of attrition’ across the Suez Canal last for?

A

March 1969 - August 1970

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6
Q

What happened in September 1970?

A

Nasser died and was succeeded by Vice President Anwar Sadat

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7
Q

What was Sadat prepared to do in the beginning?

A

Prepared to recognise the state of Israel in order to regain the lost land

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8
Q

In February 1971, what did Sadat put forward?

A

Plan for a limited Israel withdrawal from the Suez Canal and the reopening of the Canal for international shipping but Israelis refused

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9
Q

Who did Sadat expel in 1972?

A

Expelled all 15,000 Soviet advisers who had been training Egypt’s armed forces

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10
Q

What did Sadat decide in 1972?

A

That the stalemate could only be broken by war so Egyptian and Syrian leaders prepared for it

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11
Q

What happened on the 6th October 1973?

A

Egypt and Syria attacked on Yom Kippur which meant many Israeli soldiers were on leave

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12
Q

In the first 24 hours of Yom Kippur what crossed the Suez Canal?

A

90,000 Egyptian men and 850 tanks, broke through the Israeli fortification and destroyed 300 Israeli tanks

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13
Q

At the same time as the Egyptian attack what did Syria do?

A

500 Syrian tanks overwhelmed Israeli forces on the Golan Heights

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14
Q

How long did it take Israel to mobilise in order to defend themselves?

A

3 days

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15
Q

By the 12th October 1973 what had the Israelis accomplished?

A

They had pushed Syrians back

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16
Q

What did the Israelis do on the 15th October 1973?

A

Exploite a gap in the Egyptian forces and thrust across the Suez Canal, thus cutting off the Egyptian third army

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17
Q

During Yom Kippur war, what was Israeli recovery made possible by?

A

Massive airlift of thousands of tonnes of the most advanced weaponry from the USA

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18
Q

When did the fighting stop?

A

24th October 1973 - was meant to be 22nd by US and Soviets clashed

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19
Q

When the war ended how much progress had Israel made?

A

Only 80km from Cairo and 30km from the Syrian capital, Damascus

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20
Q

What did the Yom Kippur war prove for the Arabs?

A

Proved that Arab soldiers could fight with courage and determination under skilled leaders. They had overcome the humiliation of the 6day war and restored Arab pride

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21
Q

When was oil first discovered in Iran?

A

1908

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22
Q

Where was oil discovered in the 20’s and 30’s?

A

Iraq
Saudi Arabia
smaller Gulf states of Kuwait: Qatar and Bahrain.

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23
Q

In states where oil was found, what did the governments lack?

A

Lacked expertise and technology to prospect for, and extract, oil so granted concessions, or licences to British and US companies

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24
Q

How did US and British oil companies exploit the Arab countries?

A

Once they had paid their fees to the host countries, they took all the rest of the profits

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25
What was ARAMCO?
Arab-American Oil Company, a combo of 4 US companies that extracted Saudi oil
26
How much profit was ARAMCO making?
3 times as much profit as the Saudi government
27
In 1950 what did the Saudi's negotiate in terms of oil?
Negotiated a 50:50 division of the profits with ARAMCO and other Arab countries followed suit
28
What made Arab countries more convinced of their expertise in managing oil?
More Arabs were gaining degrees in subjects such as geology and oil engineering from Western Uni's
29
Who were the Seven Sisters?
7 biggest international oil companies
30
What did the Seven Sisters do in 1959?
Reduced the price of oil which knocked $132 million of income of the 4 major Arab producers
31
What did Saudi Arabia do in September 1960?
Persuaded Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and Venezuela to form OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)
32
Who else joined OPEC later on?
Qatar and 2 new Arab oil states, Libya and Algeria
33
How much oil did OPEC account for?
90% of exports outside the Communist world
34
What was OPEC designed to do?
Designed to force oil companies into consulting Arab states before making any price changes
35
In the 1960's who were the biggest Arab producers and what did they do?
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq | Established their own international oil companies
36
What did the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967-1975 mean for oil?
Forces oil tankers to take a much longer route, round South Africa, in order to reach Europe and America - Europe experienced shortages of oil
37
What did Saudi Arabia become in the late 60's?
Main financer and champion of the PLO and became one of the most outspoken critics of Israel
38
What did the Saudi oil minister, Yamani, do in April 1973
Warned US government that unless the Americans did more to help Palestinians and restore Muslim control of Holy places in Jerusalem, the Saudis might refuse to increase oil production
39
What did Arab oil ministers impose in October 1973?
17% increase on sale of oil
40
What happened on the 18th October 1973?
Nixon approved a $2.2 billion arms package for Israel
41
What happened on the 20th October 1973?
Saudi Arabia, followed by other Arab oil states imposed a complete embargo on the sale of oil to the USA and the Netherlands
42
How much did Arab states reduce their oil output?
Reduced it to 25%
43
Who was worst hit by the oil embargo?
Europe and Japan who depended on Middle East for 75% of their oil
44
When was the oil embargo lifted?
March 1974 when Americans persuaded Israelis to withdraw military forces from Suez
45
Who was Henry Kissinger and what did he do?
US secretary of state 1973-77 1974-5 he secured a number of agreements by which Israelis would withdraw from canal area and from part of the Golan Heights
46
How did Henry Kissinger achieve what he did?
Through 'shuttle diplomacy'
47
What did the agreements that Kissinger secured do?
Enabled Egypt to clear the canal Start rebuilding cities along the canal Saudi Arabia started to sell oil to USA again
48
When was Jimmy Carter elected president?
1976
49
What happened in Israel in June 1977?
New government led by Begin who had been leader of Irgun - uncooperative
50
What did Sadat announce in November 1977?
That he was willing to go to Israel and negotiate a peace treaty - wanted permanent peace
51
How did Israel respond to Sadat's announcement in November 1977?
Agreed and 10 days later Sadat flew to Israel
52
What happened in December 1977?
Israeli PM went to Egypt and peace talks began but by early 1978 they had reached a stalemate - Sadat demanded Israeli recognition of Palestinians while Begin demanded a guaruntee of continued Israeli control of West Bank
53
What did President Carter do in July 1978?
Invited Egyptian and Israeli leaders to Camp David - for 13 days in September 1978 the 3 men discussed a peace settlement
54
What 2 agreements were signed at the end of Camp David?
'A Framework for Peace in the Middle East' which dealt with the Palestinian problem 'A Framework for Peace between Israel and Egypt' which was based on the 'land for peace' principle, enunciated in the UN 242 Resolution
55
Wat 2 things did the 'Framework for Peace in the Middle East' do?
Provided for the election of a self-governing Palestinian authority and 'full autonomy' for the inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza to replace the Israeli government Recognised 'the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people' but it denied them any right to national self determination, that is, to decide exactly how they wished to be governed
56
What were the 3 main points of the 'Framework for Peace between Israel and Egypt'?
Israeli forces to be withdrawn from the remaining parts of Sinai Egypt to regain all of Sinai within 3 years Israeli shipping to have free passage through the Suez Canal and the Straits of Tiran
57
What did Carter do in March 1979?
Egyptian and Israeli leaders were invited to Washington to sign 'Treaty of Washington' which confirmed what the 2 sides had agreed at Camp David
58
What was the US reaction to the Treaty of Washington?
Acclaimed the triumph but in fact the Palestinian problem hadn't really been addressed
59
What did Israel gain from the Treaty of Washington?
Felt more secure as the had traded land for peace and neutralised biggest Arab military power Begin had no intention of ever giving up West Bank USA had agreed that it would meet or subsidise Israel's oil needs for the next 14 years and replace airfields which the Israelis had to relinquish in Sinai by building 2 new ones in the Negev desert in south
60
What is Egypt gain from the Treaty of Washington?
Was to regain all of Sinai within 3 years Promise of $1.5 billion of US aid over the nest 3 years
61
What happened to Sadat in 1981?
Assassinated during a military parade in Cairo by a group of Islamic extremists who disliked him for making peace with Zionists
62
What was the reactions to the Treaty of Washington in the Arab world?
Saw it as Sadat breaking Arab ranks Cut off relations with Egypt and moved Arab League headquarters to Tunisian capital instead of Cairo Closed embassies and stopped trade
63
What happened in September 1979?
Israel passed a law allowing its citizens to buy Arab land on the West Bank
64
What did Israel declare in 1980?
Jerusalem as capital of Israel

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