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MIDDLE EAST > The Suez Crisis of 1956 > Flashcards

The Suez Crisis of 1956 Flashcards

1
Q

What were the Arab states stung by?

A

By their defeat against Israeli in 1949

Felt the USA had bullied the UN into creating the new state of Israel

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2
Q

In 1949 what had the Un got Israel and Syria to agree to?

A

Forming a demilitarised zone along the border. Zone was inside Israel territory and contained many Arab villages

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3
Q

From 1949 what happened in the demilitarised zone between Israel and Syria?

A

Israelis tried to force some of the Arabs out of the villages to make way for Jewish settlements - Syrians objected to this

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4
Q

After the war what were there frequent incidences of between Syria and Israel?

A

Shelling by both sides

Disputes over Israels attempts to divert the waters of the River Jordan in order to irrigate dry parts of the new state

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5
Q

What happened to Abdullah in 1951?

A

He was assassinated by a Palestinian who feared the King would make a separate peace treaty with Israel

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6
Q

Who succeeded Abdullah?

A

After a short reign by Abdullah’s unable son, Hussein became king in 1953

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7
Q

After the war what did the state of Jordan include?

A

A million Palestinian Arabs who were granted full rights as citizens of Jordan

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8
Q

What did Palestinian refugees keep trying to do and what did this cause?

A

Crossed the border into Israel which led to Israeli reprisals where military forces would target Arab villages

Jordanian government attempted to stop the crossings

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9
Q

What happened in October 1953?

A

After an Israeli woman and her 2 children were killed, Israeli forces attacked the Jordanian village of Qibya, blowing up 45 houses and killing over 50 inhabitants

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10
Q

Where was Gaza located?

A

Border between Israel and Egypt

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11
Q

How many Palestinian Arabs lived in Gaza?

A

300,000

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12
Q

What happened to Gaza at the end of the war in 1949?

A

Came under Egyptian military control

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13
Q

What were there frequent occurrences of in Gaza?

A

Raids into Israel, majority by unarmed Palestinians who wanted to visit relatives, reclaim their possessions and harvest their crops

Some raids carried out by Palestinian fighters who attacked Israeli settlements

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14
Q

How did Israel deal with the raids on the Israel/Egypt border?

A

Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) retaliated with reprisal raids

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15
Q

When was the Suez Canal built?

A

Built by the French and the British in the 1860’s

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16
Q

Why was the Suez Canal a vital link for Britain?

A

Britiain had many military bases in the east which depended on supplies of oil from the Persian Gulf

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17
Q

How much fuel supply for Western Europe passed through the canal?

A

Over 2/3

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18
Q

How many ships passed through the Suez Canal every year?

A

15,000 (1/3 of them British)

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19
Q

How many troops did Britain have at the canal?

A

70,000

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20
Q

What were many Egyptians angry about before the revolution?

A

British imperialism

Egyptian king, Farouk, lived decadent lifestyle while his government was corrupt

21
Q

What happened in Egypt in July 1952?

A

Group of men who called themselves ‘Free Officers’ took over key government buildings and announced the success of the revolution over the radio

22
Q

After the Egyptian revolution, who became head of the country?

A

General Naguib, a respected senior army officer. When Egypt became a republic in 1953, he became president

23
Q

In the new Egyptian government who was actually the most powerful?

A

Colonel Nasser

24
Q

When did Nasser become president of Egypt?

A

1954

25
Q

After Nasser became president what did he persuade Britain to do?

A

Withdraw their troops from the Suez Canal Zone

26
Q

Under Nasser’s rule why was the west worried about Egypt?

A

Nasser wanted Egypt to be neutral and refused to join an anti-soviet alliance

27
Q

What did the Israelis want to do to Egypt?

A

Hit back at Egypt for encouraging Palestinian raids Israel

28
Q

What happened in February 1955?

A

Israeli troops attacked and destroyed the Egyptian army headquarters Gaza, killing 35 Egyptian soldiers

29
Q

What were the results of the Israeli attack in February 1955?

A

Humiliated Nasser

Nasser’s forces began to train fedayeen guerrillas to carry out attacks on Israel

Czech arms deal announced in September 1955 - Nasser needed weapons to strengthen Egypts army

30
Q

What was the Aswan Dam?

A

Project on River Nile which would create hydro-electric power for Egyptian industry and allow vast areas of agricultural land to be irrigated - depended on USA and Britain for funds

31
Q

What did Nasser do in May 1956?

A

Recognised communist China

32
Q

What did Britain and USA do in July 1956?

A

Cancelled their loans to Egypt for building of the Aswan Dam

33
Q

What did Nasser do on the 26th July 1956?

A

He nationalised the Suez Canal Company and Egyptians would run it themselves, using the profits for the Aswan Dam

34
Q

How did the French see Nasser?

A

Saw him as the ‘Hitler of the Nile’ - already agreed to sell Israel over 70 fighter planes and 200 tanks

35
Q

What did Egypt blockade?

A

The Tiran Straits which prevented Israeli ships from reaching the port of Eilat

36
Q

What happened on the 24th October 1956?

A

British and French foreign ministers secretly met Israeli prime minister - through meetings it was decided that Israel would attack Egypt, then Britain and France would intervene

37
Q

What happened on the 29th October 1956?

A

Israeli forces invaded Egypt. they advanced across Sinai towards the Suez Canal

38
Q

What happened after Israeli forces invaded Egypt?

A

The next day governments of Britain and France ordered Israel and Egypt to cease fighting and withdraw 10 miles from the Canal otherwise they would use force

Israelis agreed but Egyptians refused

39
Q

What happened on the 31st October 1956?

A

British and French planes bombed Egyptian airfields and destroyed most of Egypt’s airforce

They also bombed Port Said

40
Q

What happened on the 5th of November?

A

British and French troops landed at Port Said and advanced along the canal. Egypt responded by sinking ships which had been filled with concrete in order to obstruct British and French advance along canal

41
Q

What did other Arab states do in response to western Suez invasion?

A

Condemned them and halted oil supplies to the west

42
Q

What did the USA do in response to the war?

A

Condemned it and threatened to cut off financial aid to Britain

43
Q

What happened on the 6th November 1956?

A

UN ordered a ceasefire and later ordered British and French to withdraw

44
Q

What happened to the canal after the war?

A

Egypt gained complete control of the canal and with US aid it was cleaned and reopened in April 1957

45
Q

What happened to Egypts territory?

A

Lost some land when the Israelis captured Sinai but the Israelis were then persuaded by USA to withdraw early in 1957

46
Q

What happened to Nasser after the war?

A

He became the hero of the Arab world as he had stood up to Britain and France who had dominated the Middle East for so long

47
Q

What happened to British prime minister Eden after the war?

A

He had completely misjudged the reaction of the US and was forded to resign 2 months later

48
Q

What 2 big miscalculations had Britain and France made?

A

Thought the Egyptians would be incapable of managing the canal on their own

Thought there would be a popular uprising against Nasser once the fighting had started

49
Q

How did other Arab states feel about the west?

A

Hated it more than ever, which made Israel look like an outpost of western imperialism

MIDDLE EAST (12 decks)

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