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MIDDLE EAST > Challenge of Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking 1990-2011 > Flashcards

Challenge of Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking 1990-2011 Flashcards

1
Q

What did the USA do in the height of the first Intifada in 1988?

A

USA opened secret talks with PLO officials and persuaded Arafat to publicly reject terrorism

Also spoke out in favour of a 2 state solution to Israel-Palestine problem - recognised Israel

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2
Q

How did Israelis respond to Arafat’s announcement in 1988?

A

No mood for compromise

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3
Q

How did Cold War influence Soviet Union and Arab states?

A

Communist government in Russia was collapsing and was seeking US financial aid so Arab leaders couldn’t depend on Soviets any more so expected compromise

Also meant US didn’t have to support Israel in order to contain communist threat

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4
Q

What did USA do in September 1991?

A

Threatened to withhold $10 billion in loans to Israel

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5
Q

What did Israel agree to in October 1991?

A

Face to face talks with Palestinian leaders

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6
Q

What happened at Madrid conference?

A

Palestinians spoke of the need to compromise but Israeli leader (Shamir) was still intransigent and little progress was made

USA still pressured Israel and called on them to stop building in occupied territories or face risk of losing financial aid

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7
Q

What happened in elections in Israel in 1992?

A

A new more moderate government was voted into power and promised to work for peace with Palestinians

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8
Q

When and where were the Oslo Accords held?

A

1993 in Oslo, Norway in secret. 14 sessions of talks were held over 8 months

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9
Q

What happened in September 1993?

A

PLO leader, Arafat, and head of Israeli government, Rabin, exchanged letters.

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10
Q

What was said in the letters between Arafat and Rabin?

A

Arafat rejected use of terrorism, called for an end of Intifada and recognised right of Israel to exist in peace and security

Rabin recognised PLO as representative of Palestinian people

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11
Q

What happened on 13th September 1993?

A

2 leaders signed an agreement which became known as the Oslo Accord

Paved the way for step-by-step approach towards self government for Palestinians

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12
Q

What was agreed to in the Oslo Accords?

A

Israeli troops would be withdrawn from Gaza and parts of the West Bank. Israeli troops wouldn’t be withdrawn from their military bases, Jewish settlements or from Jerusalem

Elections would be held for a Palestinian authority to run West Bank and Gaza for 5 years

During these 5 years a final settlement would be discussed

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13
Q

When was the 2nd Oslo Accord signed?

A

1995

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14
Q

What was agreed in the 2nd Oslo Accords?

A

Elections to the Palestinian Authority would finally be held

Israeli forces would withdraw from major Palestinian towns

Palestinian prisoners would be released from Israeli jails

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15
Q

What happened during elections for the Palestinian Authority?

A

PLO won majority of seats and Arafat was later declared president of Palestinian Authority

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16
Q

In the wake of the 1993 Accords who else signed a peace treaty with Israel?

A

Jordan - settled their disputes over their borders

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17
Q

What were the most difficult questions that were to be settled over 5 years between 1993-1998?

A

Future of Jerusalem - both sides wanted it as their capital. Late 1990’s East Jerusalem was encircled by Israeli settlements containing 150,000

Jewish settlements in occupied territories

An independent Palestinian state

The Palestinian refugee’s right to return

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18
Q

What did the Israelis believe the peace process meant?

A

They would withdraw their troops from Gaza and some parts of the West Bank but still believed they should have overall security of these areas

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19
Q

What did the peace process mean for the Palestinians?

A

That it was the first step towards and independent Palestinian state

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20
Q

Why didn’t HAMAS support the peace process?

A

Believed Palestinians gained little

21
Q

Why did support for HAMAS increase dramatically?

A

After Jewish settler (Goldstein) killed 29 Palestinians at a mosque in Hebron, on the West Bank in 1994

22
Q

What did HAMAS embark on in protests to the peace process?

A

Series of suicide bombings

23
Q

What did Israel do to counter the suicide bombings?

A

Imposed curfews on towns, cities and refugee camps

Closed border crossings between Israel and the occupied territories

24
Q

What happened in November 1995?

A

150,000 Israelis gathered in Tel Aviv for a pace rally. After the rally president Rabin was shot by a young Israeli

25
Q

What happened in May 1996?

A

A new government was elected in Israel who opposed the Oslo peace process and locked any further negotiations

26
Q

In February 1997 what did the Israeli government do?

A

Gave the go-ahead for the building go 6500 new homes on Arab land in East Jerusalem

27
Q

In 1999 what happened to Israeli government?

A

There was another change and this time the Israelis elected a more moderate one led by Barak

28
Q

What did Bill Clinton do in July 2000?

A

Invited Israeli and PLO leaders to Camp David

29
Q

What did Barak offer in Camp David 2000?

A

Offered the Palestinians a deal that would have given them the West Bank and Gaza

Agreed to partition the city of Jerusalem

30
Q

What were the 2 main issues that couldn’t be solved at Camp David 2000?

A

Who controlled the holy sites of Jerusalem

Right of Palestinian refugees to return to Israel

31
Q

What happened on the 28th September 2000?

A

Israeli politician, Sharon, visited Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Also 3rd holiest site for Muslims. Took 100 guards and move was seen as highly provocative. Demonstrations followed an Israeli troops shot 7 and wounded over 200 Palestinians

32
Q

What did the 28th September 2000 mark?

A

Start of 2nd Intifada

33
Q

Within 1 month of 2nd Intifada how many Palestinians had been killed?

A

127

34
Q

Between 1993-2000 how did Jewish settlers grow?

A

77% increase in number of Jewish settlers I occupied territories

35
Q

What was life like in Gaza?

A

Area smaller than Isle of Wight
1 million Palestinians
6500 Jewish settlers with guards
Jews controlled 1/3 of land and most water supplies

36
Q

What was life like on the West Bank and round Jerusalem?

A

Nearly 400,000 settlers and tens of thousands of troops
Over 2 million Palestinians but Israelis controlled over 70% of the land and had complete control of water and electricity supplies

37
Q

What happened in February 2001?

A

Sharon was elected PM of Israel - promised to maintain Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem and increase settlements on West Bank

38
Q

What happened in March 2002?

A

29 Israelis were killed in HAMAS suicide bombing. Israeli troops and tanks carried out raids in towns and refugee camps. Embarked on policy of targeted assassinations

39
Q

By May 2003 how many had been killed since 2nd Intifada started?

A

Over 2000 Palestinians and 760 Israelis

40
Q

What did Israel start building during 2nd Intifada?

A

Built concrete barrier around West Bank

41
Q

What did Bush do in April 2003?

A

Published a ‘road map’ for peace between Israel and Palestinians

42
Q

How successful was road map for peace?

A

At first not - fighting continued

In April 2004 Israeli gov announced it would evacuate all Jewish settlers and troops for Gaza

43
Q

What happened in November 2004?

A

Arafat died and was succeeded by Abbas

44
Q

What did Abbas do in February 2005?

A

Persuaded Palestinian militants to call a halt to their bombing

45
Q

What happened in the summer of 2005?

A

Mutual ceasefire

Jewish settlers and troops were withdrawn from Gaza

46
Q

Who gained majority in 2006 Palestinian elections?

A

HAMAS - stalled peace process as they refused to recognise state of Israel

47
Q

What fighting happened in 2008?

A

Spate of rockets fired from Gaza into southern Israel

48
Q

How did Israelis respond to attack on southern Israel in 2008?

A

Carried out military excursions inside Gaza and killed militants they believed to be responsible. 13 Israelis were killed over 3 weeks but 1400 Gazans lost their lives, including 300 children

49
Q

What happened in 2009?

A

Netanyahu became PM of Israel and the building of Jewish settlements on West Bank and around Jerusalem accelerated

MIDDLE EAST (12 decks)

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