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MIDDLE EAST > Nasser, Egypt and Arab Nationalism > Flashcards

Nasser, Egypt and Arab Nationalism Flashcards

1
Q

What was the concept of Arab Nationalism rooted in?

A

Sharing same language - Arabic
Sharing same religion - Islam
And also desire for political unity

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2
Q

What did Britain do in Egypt in 1942?

A

Forced king to change PM as they saw him as pro-German

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3
Q

What was the Baghdad Pact 1955?

A

Anti-Soviet alliance with Turkey and Iran - tried to persuade Iraq to join as well

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4
Q

How did Nasser respond to the Baghdad Pact?

A

Feared that Jordan, Lebanon and Syria might also join so launchd a massive propaganda campaign to prevent Iraq from joining

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5
Q

What was the Voice of the Arabs’?

A

Arab world’s biggest radio station that reached millions in the Arab world

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6
Q

How did Nasser use the ‘Voice of the Arabs’?

A

Appealed to Arabs of all classes and across all borders

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7
Q

How successful was Nasser with the radio?

A

Won so much support that only Iraq was able to join to Baghdad Pact

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8
Q

What did Nasser attend in 1955?

A

Attended a conference of non-aligned states such as India and China who admired Nasser for his stance

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9
Q

When was the peak of Arab Nationalism?

A

1955-61

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10
Q

What did Nasser do in September 1955?

A

Announced the Czech arms deal in return for sales of cotton and rice which showed his independent stance which worried the west

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11
Q

How did other Arab states view the Czech arms deal?

A

People saw Nasser as a saviour, throwing off the domination of the west

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12
Q

How was Nasser seen after the Suez Crisis of 1956?

A

Although he had been saved by American intervention but in the Arab wordlist was Nasser and Egyptian resistance that had saved the day

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13
Q

What was signed in January 1957?

A

‘Treaty of Arab Solidarity’ was signed by Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia

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14
Q

Which Arab countries were unsure about Nasser and why?

A

Iraq, Jordan and Saudi Arabia who were ruled by conservative monarchies and supported by the west

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15
Q

What were Iraq, Jordan and Saudi Arabia concerned about in terms of Nasser?

A

His close reliance on the Soviet Union so when US offered aid to countries requesting help against the threat of ‘international communism’ both Jordan and Saudi Arabia said yes

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16
Q

what did Nasser unleash against the USA?

A

Barrage of propaganda and its allies in the Arab world. Also sent troops so Syria that had a large impact on Arab public opinion. Leaders who had adopted pro-US opinion had to retreat

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17
Q

How long did the United Arab Republic last?

A

1958-61

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18
Q

What were Nasser’s views on the Republic?

A

Wasn’t keen as Syria had no common border and completely different social and economic policies

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19
Q

Why did Nasser accept the Republics formation?

A

Syrian leaders flew to Egypt and pretty much offered their country to Nasser

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20
Q

Why did the Syrians want the republic?

A

Small nation of 4 million compared to Egypts 26 million

In Damascus there was a frenzy demanding political Arab unity

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21
Q

What did Nasser insist on when the UAR was formed?

A

That the political and economic systems of Syria would have to be merged with Egypt’s - meant that Syria’s political parties would have to close and industry and banks would come under gov control

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22
Q

What happened in Iraq in July 1958?

A

5 months after UAR formation the Iraqi army overthrew and killed their king and his leading PM and declared Iraq a republic - left Baghdad Pact and it was assumed that it would join UAR

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23
Q

Why did UAR fail?

A

Syrians became unhappy with economic and political systems

Army and government dominated by Egyptians

Egyptians insisted on a Syrian land reform that didn’t;’t go down well

Iraq didn’t join UAR

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24
Q

What happened in September 1961?

A

Syrian army officers carried out a coup. Egyptian forces didn’t intervene

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25
Q

What did Nasser ban in January 1953?

A

Political parties and Nasser called for a national union in which all parties joined together

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26
Q

Who dominated Egyptian politics?

A

Army - most senior positions were held by army officers or those with military background

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27
Q

Which groups didn’t consent willingly to Nasser’s rule?

A

Muslim Brotherhood

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28
Q

Why did Nasser fear the Muslim Brotherhood?

A

Represented an alternative to his National Union and it could claim an allegiance of all Muslims

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29
Q

What happened in October 1954?

A

Attempted assassination of Nasser by member of Brotherhood - failed and Nasser arrested thousands of the group and hanged 6 who were involved in the attempt

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30
Q

What was landownership in Egypt like in the 1950’s?

A

80% of population worked and lived on land
Small number of landowners owned 1/3 of cultivated land
72% owned an acre or less

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31
Q

What did Nasser’s land reforms do?

A

Limited land owning to 200 acres per person (later reduced to 100)
The land confiscated was then redistributed amongst the poor

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32
Q

How successful were Nasser’s land reforms?

A

Rural poverty considerable reduced

In some areas farming became more efficient

33
Q

Before Nasser took power in 1954 what industries were owned by the state?

A

Railways, irrigation and oil refining

34
Q

What approach did Nasser take to industry

A

Socialist approach

35
Q

By 1967 what industries had Nasser nationalised and placed under state control?

A 
Export of cotton
Banks
Many large industrial companies
Transport
Press
36
Q

How much energy did the Aswan Dam generate?

A

7 million kph generated every year

Over 2000 villages had been electrified by the time Nasser died

37
Q

Why did Egypts economy slow down after 1964?

A

Less foreign investment from the west and Soviet Union

38
Q

What happened to economic development after 1967 war?

A

Further curtailed by need to replace Egypts military losses

39
Q

What policy did Sadat adopt in Egypt?

A

Egypt first policy

40
Q

How did Sadat change domestic policy after Nasser?

A

Press allowed more freedom

Allowed political parties to operate again

41
Q

How did Sadat change control over industry and banking?

A

Maintained most of Nasser’s state control but his policy of intifada encouraged more private enterprise

New policy was designed to attract more foreign investment, particularly from oil-rich Arab states, so that Egypt could afford to import western technology

42
Q

What was economic growth like under Sadat?

A

Considerable growth, especially since late 70’s yet gov debt continued to rise

Little benefit to masses and only a few became rich

43
Q

How did Sadat change food?

A

Halved subsidies which they paid on basic foodstuffs which led to violent riots. Gov restored subsidies but discontent grew due to corruption and nepotism

44
Q

What did the Muslim Brotherhood do during Sadat’s reign?

A

Reappeared but members focused on social work instead of politics but expressed opposition at increasing western influence

45
Q

What did Sadat do in September 1981?

A

Feared an attempt to overthrow him and ordered arrest of 1500 people - many members of radical islamic groups

46
Q

When did Sadat die?

A

October 1981 - gunned down by a group of Islamists within the army

47
Q

When was Mubarak president of Egypt?

A

1981-2011

48
Q

How did Mubarak treat press and political parties?

A

Initially granted them more freedom

49
Q

Who remained a close ally to Egypt during Mubarak’s reign?

A

USA from whom it received more financial aid than any other country except Israel

50
Q

What did Mubarak incorporate into legal system?

A

More elements of Islamic law due to pressure from more militant Islamic groups

51
Q

What happened under Mubarak’s rule in the 1990’s?

A

Most militant Islamic group launched a series of attacks on government ministers, officials, the president himself and later on foreign tourists - security forces clamped down hard

52
Q

When did the Baathists rule in Syria?

A

1963-2011

53
Q

What was the Baath Party?

A

Pan-Arab nationalist party

54
Q

What did the Baathists believe?

A

Arabs could achieve full independence only through full Arab unity

55
Q

Who are Shiite Muslims?

A

Group of Muslims who chose to follow Ali, (cousin and son- in law of Muhammed) after Muhammed’s death

Mostly southern Iraq and non-Arab Persians became Shiites

56
Q

who are Sunni Muslims

A

People who disagreed with Shiites

Most Arabs became Sunnis

57
Q

What did the Baath party in Syria attract support from?

A

Alawites who were an offshoot of Shiite Islam

58
Q

What acted as the main opposition to the Baathists in Syria?

A

Sunni-dominated body of the Muslim Brotherhood

59
Q

Who seized power in 1970?

A

Defence minister, General Hafiz al-Assad, became president a year later

60
Q

What was Assad a member of?

A

Member of the Alwaite minority in Syria - only formed 12% of population in Syria

61
Q

What did the Muslim Brotherhood do in Syria in 1979?

A

Attacked military academy in Aleppo, killing over 250 military cadets, majority of whom were Alwites

62
Q

How did Syrian gov respond to attack in 1979?

A

Gov sent 25,000 troops into Aleppo and arrested over 8000 Muslims Brothers and later killed over 500 unarmed Brotherhood prisoners in their cells

63
Q

What made the Muslim Brotherhood resort the assassinations in Syria?

A

Membership to the Brotherhood was made a capital offence

64
Q

In 1981 what did the Syrian army do?

A

Launched an attack of city of Hama the centre of Islamist opposition since the 60s - killed several hundred men, women and children

65
Q

What did the Muslim Brotherhood do after Syrian army action in 1981?

A

Took terror campaign to Damascus - in November a single car bomb killed 200 people

66
Q

In 1982 what did the Syrian army do?

A

Launched a full scale military attack go Hama using tanks and aircraft. Muslim Brotherhood in city rose up and demanded jihad. Army demolished whole areas of the city, burying the defenders and killing the townspeople on slightest suspicion of allegiance to Brotherhood. estimated 10,000-20,000 were killed

67
Q

Who succeeded Assad on his death?

A

His son Bashar-al-Assad

68
Q

What did Assad junior do during his reign?

A

Released hundreds of political prisoners and allowed more press freedom but ‘Damascus Spring’ didn’t last

69
Q

What led to civil war in Syria in 2011?

A

Government carried on detaining people without trial and many islamists were given long prison sentences
Then in 2011, anti-government protests erupted in south
Teenagers were arrested and tortured - demands were made for Assads resignation which gov crushed

70
Q

At the beginning of the 20th century who were the Saud’s?

A

One of the tribes who controlled the lands in the Arabian Peninsula - deeply imbedded with a form of Islam known as Wahhabism

71
Q

What did the head of the Saud family, Ibn Saud do?

A

Between 1901 and 1925 he subdued and united tribes of Arabia and in 1932 he renamed his extended territory Saudi Arabia

72
Q

Who was and still is Saudi Arabia ruled?

A

By extended Saudi family with other close relatives of the king holding top positions

73
Q

What did the legitimacy of the Saudis rule rely heavily on?

A

Relied on close alliance with the ulema, the Wahhabi religious leaders and the law making was left largely to them

74
Q

What did the Saudi King do?

A

Allied with the west, particularly US, to protect for oil

75
Q

After WW2 what did oil in Saudi Arabia do?

A

Enabled Saudis to build the infrastructure of a modern state

76
Q

What happened in Saudi Arabia in 1979?

A

Group of religious extremists denounced their rulers as corrupt and seizing control of Mosque at Mecca - crushed by army

77
Q

Although Saudi Arabia didn’t like Nasser how did they contribute to Arab Nationalism?

A

Financed PLO
Initiated oil embargo in 1973
Condemned Egypts peace treaty with Israel in 1979

78
Q

By the late 70’s what was Saudi Arabia like?

A

Vast financial reserves, greater than USA and Japan combined

Built schools, roads, airports, housing etc better quality of life for people

MIDDLE EAST (12 decks)

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