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MIDDLE EAST > Turkey, Iraq, Iran and the West 1908-2011 > Flashcards

Turkey, Iraq, Iran and the West 1908-2011 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Ottoman Turkey do in 1914?

A

Sided with Germany in WW1

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2
Q

What was military commander Ataturk ordered to do?

A

Dismand ottoman military forces as required by the Allies but instead Ataturk called on people to fight against Allies

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3
Q

What did the Allies allow into Turkey?

A

Large Greek military force to land at Izmir and occupy the surrounding area

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4
Q

When did the war between the Greeks and the Turks take place?

A

1920-1922?

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5
Q

How did the war between Greeks and Turks turn out?

A

At first Turks unable to halt Greeks but in 1921 they drove Greeks out if Izmir and Eastern Thrace.
1923 Allies signed Treaty of Lausanne which recognised Turkish sovereignty over Istanbul, eastern Thrace and Anatolia

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6
Q

What happened to Armenians and Kurds living in turkey?

A

Armenians fled to what became Armenian Republic within Soviet Union, Lebanon or Syria

In Treaty of Sevres Kurds right to an independent state had been recognised but was cancelled by Treaty of Lausanne

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7
Q

What was Ataturk set on transforming Turkey into?

A

A secular state - wanted religion to be excluded from politics and the state. Islamic schools and law courts were abolished

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8
Q

What was turkey declared in October 1923?

A

Declared a Republic with Ataturk as president

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9
Q

In 1924 what did Ataturk organise his supporters as?

A

Republic People’s Party that ruled for 27 years

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10
Q

How became PM in Iraq in 1938?

A

Nuri al-Said - pro-brutish and conservative and he dominated Iraq for the next 20 years

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11
Q

What was Iraq’s economy like under the monarchy?

A

Saw considerable economic development, education and illiteracy improved. Country dominated by small number of big landowners and British control

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12
Q

Who seized power in Iraq in 1968?

A

Baathists, supported by some army officers

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13
Q

Who made up the majority of the Baathists in Iraq?

A

Sunni Muslims - had been the dominant group in Iraq ever since the state was set up in 1921 although the Shiites formed the majority of the population

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14
Q

Who was brought into the new government in Iraq after 1968?

A

Shiites in a show of unity

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15
Q

What did the Baathist government in Iraq do in 1972?

A

Nationalised and took control of Iraqi oil industry

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16
Q

What did the Iraqis do in 1973?

A

Joined other Arab oil producing states in reducing production and sales to Western countries. Drove up oil prices by 400%

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17
Q

How did Iraqis income from oil change from 1972-1980?

A

Rose from $575 million to $26,500 million

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18
Q

In the 1970’s who was Hussein in Iraq?

A

Saddam Hussien was gov minister responsible for extending gov control over army and secret police - reports of indoctrination and bad treatment of those in prison

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19
Q

When did Saddam Hussein become president of Iraq?

A

1979 - started with a televised trial of a number of men, 21 who were later executed

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20
Q

In 1980 what did Hussein do to Shiites in Iraq?

A

1,200,000 Shiites were deported to Iran. Many were successful businessmen whose businesses were then handed to gov supporters

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21
Q

Where were Kurds situated in Iraq?

A

Mainly in the north, especially along the borders with Syria, Turkey and Iran

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22
Q

What were many Kurd leaders determined to do in Iraq?

A

Create a separate Kurd homeland, assisted in the 70’s by Iran and when Iran and Iraq went to war in 1980, aid was increased so the Kurds gained greater control of northern Iraq

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23
Q

What did Iraqi forces do to Kurds in 1988?

A

Planes bombarded Kurdish town of Halabja with chemical weapons. 5000 killed immediately, 12,000 estimated died later.

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24
Q

After Iraq-Iran war ended what did Hussein do to Kurds/

A

Used chemical weapons and bulldozed villages. 180,000 Kurds were killed and more than 100,000 refugees poured over border mostly into Turkey. Several towns and 90% of all villages were destroyed

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25
Q

Although Iran is a Muslim country, how is it different from its Arab neighbours?

A

People are mostly non-Arab and don’t speak Arabic

Mostly made up of Shia NOT Sunni Muslims

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26
Q

What happened in Iran in 1921?

A

Iran had a weak and incompetent shah so army leader, (Colonel Reza Khan) took control of government as PM

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27
Q

What did Colonel Reza Khan of Iran do in 1925?

A

Made himself shah and embarked on a policy of westernisation

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28
Q

By 1930 what had Iran become?

A

The world’s 4th largest oil producer

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29
Q

What did Iran do in 1933?

A

Forced Britain to grant Iran more of the profits of its oilfields

30
Q

In WW2 who invaded Iran?

A

Soviet and British troops invaded from the north and south to prevent the Germanys from taking control of the oilfields

31
Q

In 1951 who was appointed PM in Iran?

A

Mossadeq - leading Iranian nationalist
Then passed law to nationalise oil fields - Britain withdrew its workforce and persuaded western oil companies not to buy Irans oil

32
Q

What happened in Iran in 1953?

A

US and Britain used threats and money to pressure shah into dismissing Mossadeq and replace him with a more pro-western PM

33
Q

What did the shahs new government do in 1955?

A

Signed a treaty with USA and joined Baghdad Pact

34
Q

What did USA persuade Anglo-Iranian oil company (BP) to do?

A

Join a group of American, French and Dutch oil companies for a 40% share in oil profits of Iran

35
Q

What was the ‘White Revolution’ in Iran in the 60’s?

A

Shah keen to make Iran a powerful independent state. Brought in western educated men into his government to carry out policies. Led to:

Transfer of land from biggest landowners to poorer farmers
Grant of the vote to women
Huge expansion in number of schools
Doubling of the rate of literacy in the next 15 years

36
Q

What caused demonstrations in Iran?

A

Dependence on non-Muslim West

37
Q

What happened in Iran in 1978?

A

Mass demonstrations calling on shah to abdicate.Every time police fought against protests, they just got bigger - led by Ayatollah Khomeini

38
Q

What happened in Iran at the end of 1978 and into January 1979?

A

Many soldiers who admired Khomeini and sympathised with protesters refused to fire on crowds. then shah left and never returned

39
Q

What was the new Islamic state in Iran like?

A

Western stuff banned

40
Q

What happened in November 1979?

A

US gov allow shah into country to receive medical treatment - militant Iranian students stormed US embassy in Tehran and took 50 American staff as hostages

41
Q

What were Hussein motives for attacking Iran in 1980?

A

Khomeini was calling Iranians to rise up against Iraqis and overthrow Hussein. Majority of Iraqs population were Shiite by Hussein and followers were Sunnis

Saw an opportunity to gain valuable territory. Hussein wanted to control of Shatt al-Arab waterway for secure outlet into sea

Iran was weak - economy in chaos after fall of shahs regime. Facing western boycott of its trade and Iranian armed forces were demoralised

42
Q

How did the Iran-Iraq war progress?

A

Little resistance from Iran at first but within a month, Iraq had been brought into a halt in an Iranian desert.

Then resorted to firing missiles at Iran’s cities to terrorise population - became ‘War of the Cities’ in which both sides bombed each other

Within a year the Iraqis had been forced back to their border

Within 2 years Iran had recaptured all of its land and succeeded in cutting Iraq off from its sea ports

Iran then stated that its target was Baghdad, Iraqi forces became more united. By 1984, 2 sides had become locked in trench warfare along the 1500km border

43
Q

How were other Arab states involved in the Iran-Iraq war?

A

Most Arab states supported Iraq - opposed the spread of Iran’s revolutionary Shiite version of an Islamic state

44
Q

How did Europe, USA and Soviet Union get involved in Iran-Iraq war?

A

West supportive of Iraqis
Scared of Iran controlling oil
France became main suppliers of arms to Iraq
Using satellite technology USA kept Iraq informed of Iranian troop movements and provided equipment which was later used to make chemical weapons

45
Q

Where was much of the war focused?

A

Focused on the Gulf, vital route through which both Iraq and Iran exported their oil

46
Q

When did Iranians attempt a ceasefire?

A

1988 - their economy was in ruins and faced prospect of a direct war with the USA. Only a truce and both sides continued to rearm

47
Q

What did Iran remain?

A

Remained an Islamic state even when a non clerical man was voted president in 2005

48
Q

What was the effect of the Iran-Iraq war on Iraq?

A

Economy was shattered
Value of oil exports had declined because of war damage and a fall in the oil prices on the world market
High rates of unemployment

49
Q

Why did Saddam invade Kuwait?

A

To distract from the growing military crisis in Baghdad

50
Q

When was the Gulf war?

A

1990-1991

51
Q

Who did Saddam blame when oil prices dropped in 1990?

A

Kuwait for deliberately causing the fall in prices through overproduction. Angry that Kuwait was pressing Iraq to pay the $14 billion it had lent to Iraq during the war with Iran

52
Q

What happened in August 1990?

A

300,000 crossed the border into Kuwait and overran the country, taking just 3 days

53
Q

What did the United Nations Security Council do in response to Iraqs invasion of Kuwait?

A

Agreed on complete trade sanctions against Iraq until they had withdrawn

54
Q

When did the US respond to Iraqs invasion of Kuwait?

A

When Iraqi forces massed on Kuwaits border with Saudi Arabia - feared Iraq might seize oilfields

55
Q

What was the deadline the UN delivered to Iraq?

A

Withdraw from Kuwait by 15th January 1991 or face military force

56
Q

How many troops had been assembled in Saudi Arabia ready to fight Iraq?

A

600,000

57
Q

What did the Gulf War fighting start with?

A

Air assault, largely by US forces, on Iraq in January 1991 - targeted military, airports, bridges etc

58
Q

What happened in February 1991?

A

Ground attack began. Iraqi driven out of Kuwait but had torched oil wells which caused an ecological disaster in the Gulf. US forces then invaded Iraq

59
Q

What happened to Kurds and Shiites that stood up to Iraq?

A

Around 50,000 Shiites killed

British established a no fly zone in the north to protect the Kurds

60
Q

When was there a ceasefire for the Gulf War?

A

March 1991

61
Q

What were the peace terms imposed on Iraq after the Gulf War?

A

Recognition of Kuwaits sovereignty
Payment of reparations
Imposition of no fly zones in north and south
Iraqi cooperation with UN to destroy all Weapons of Mass Destruction
Agreement with wide ranging trade sanctions

62
Q

What did USA become suspicious of?

A

That Iraq still had WMD so demanded regime change before they lifted sanctions

63
Q

What effects did the sanctions have on Iraq?

A

Iraq had imported 70% of food before so could only afford basics
Malnutrition and rise in infant mortality
Water breakdown due to bombs that wasn’t fixed - led to illness

64
Q

What did US and Br do in 1998?

A

Started bombing Iraqi military sites - angered other Arab countries

65
Q

What did the USA still claim?

A

That Iraq had WMB and that al-Qaida might get it

66
Q

When did the US invade Iraq again?

A

March 2003 - similar to before

67
Q

How many coalition troops were there in Iraq compared to population?

A

150,000 in a country of 26 million

68
Q

What was US rule like in Iraq?

A

Chaos - for millions the quality of life deteriorated even further

69
Q

What did many demobilised soldiers in Iraq do?

A

Joined the resistance against the west - 20,000-50,000 actively involved

70
Q

When did final US troops leave Iraq?

A

2011

71
Q

In 2005 what happened in Iraq?

A

Organised elections. Most people voted along sectarian lines. Most of population was Shiite so they won large majority

MIDDLE EAST (12 decks)

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