W9 family and relationship

Question 1

what is the total fertility rate?

Answer 1

snapshot of fertility rate per year
TFR+5: high
2.1: replacement level
below 2.1: below replacement

Question 2

what makes a difference in TFR across countries?

Answer 2

medical advances, female education, disasters, and government policies (availability for child care, access to social insurance)etc…

Question 3

what is the relationship between TFR and education for women?

Answer 3

UN (2017) total fertility goes down with longer education for female

Centre for population change (2015)
not to have children at all
22% of graduates vs 10% of lowest qualification

having children at later age
mean age of 30 among graduates vs 23 among the lowest qualification

Question 4

what are the negative implications of the decline in TFR?

Answer 4

ex) japan (population shrinking since 2010)

serious economic impact, aging population

Question 5

what is the trend in UK especially?

Answer 5

smaller family
(ONS (2014) ppl haveing less children)

but fertility actually rising because

• the UK born women 1.84 (up from 1.56)
• the growing number of immigrants

Question 6

what does centre for population change (2015) say about the relationship between education and fertility rate?

Answer 6

educational differences in childbearing is widened overtime;

• ppl with graduate degree tend not to have any children at all
• the timing is also getting later (over 30 VS 23 with lowest qualifications)

Question 7

what are the trends in views of marriage?

Answer 7

increase in “sex is OK even before the marriage” “living tgt is ok even without marriage”

Scott&Clery (2013) “it’s man’s job to earn money” 1984 49%–> 2012 13%

Question 8

what are the main implications on smaller family and declined fertility?

Answer 8

Parsons, Goode;
-geographic mobility undermines extended large family
-increasing emphasis on achieving VS ascription
-increasing specialization of familial role
(health and childcare are one aspect of labour market)

GIddens, 1992

• more tention
• more expectation for family needs

Question 9

what does Ulrich Beck (1992) say about individualism?

Answer 9

it used to be stable, strong bonds, authority and tradition…
–> now: individuals not constrained by tradition, more focus on one’s own identity