W6 health and mortality Flashcards
what is life expectancy?
the mean length that one cohort is expected to live assuming the mortality rates of a given year
what is Healthy Life Expectancy?
the combined measure of health and mortality
–> average number of years that a person can expect to live in good health
what does Fries (1983) say?
compression of morbidity
the life expectancy is gonna hit the biological limit and the average onset of morbidity will be postponed (the time for being ill is compressed)
what does Gruenberg (1977) say?
expansion of morbidity
even the life expectancy is getting longer, because the epidemiology is staying the same, years with ill is going to be increasing at the end of life
what does Manton (1985) say?
Dynamic equilibrium
it’s the continuous status quo;
the increase in life expectancy is accompanied with postponent of the onset of morbidity
obesity rate?
gradually increasing from 15% to 25% (1995-2009)
the number of smokers in UK?
decreasing from 46% to below 20% (1974-2013)
what does Omran (1971) say?
epidemic transition:
the disease replacement from infectious ones to chronic ones dues to expanded public health and sanitation
what are the three stages of epidemic transition?
1: The Age of Pestilence and Famine: Mortality is high and fluctuating precluding sustained population growth
- 12000 years before the agricultural revolution
2: Age of Receding Pandemics: Modernisation triggers a decrease in mortality, which accelerates as epidemic become less frequent or disappear. Life expectancy is increasing – sustained population growth
3: Age of Degenerative and Man-Made(Non communicable) Diseases: Mortality continues to decline and eventually approaches stability at a relatively low level. Life expectancy continuous to increase reaching unprecedented levels
- -> started in the first half of 1900s
what is Mc Keown’s thesis?
the increase in life expectancy is happening due to economic growth, rising living standards, public health measures and improved nutrition
what is the germ theory of disease?
theory arguing that diseases are caused by the presence and action by specific micro-organisms
–> critical in terms of changing both individual behaviours and health infrastructure
according to Rosling (2010), what is the historical trend of increase in life expectancy?
in 1948: the gap between countries was biggest
(western countries were top, Japan in catching up, colonized countries are still low)
civil war, WW2–> really decreases life expectancy
what does preston curve (1975) say?
the relationship between income and life expectancy?
what are the three ppl saying that social factors are equally as important as medical system?
Bunker et al (1995), Mcginiss et al (2002)
what is health inequality?
differences in health status or in distribution of the health determints ex) access to proper information, income that allows access to healthy products
right to health is constitute of??
WHO (1946)
why it’s important to eliminate the health inequality?
- we can get rid of the cost for welfare and medical assistance (it’s getting 9.4% of european GDP)
- being ill has a negative economic impact such as reduced labour productivity, supply
what does black report (1980) say?
- overall improved health due to the welfare state, there is a still huge gap
ex) the death rate of working class was twice as high as first class guys
what is the cultural-behavioral explanation for health inequality?
ppl in the lower SES tend to behave in a specific way that allows them to be sick
more risky health-related behaviour
eg. smoking, eating badly, risky sexual behaviour
what is the materialist explanation for health inequality?
who: Lynch et al, 2004
income can allow more access to services and goods
what is the psycosocial explanation for health inequality?
who: Wilkinson & Picket, 2006
low social status is more likely to invite , job insecurity, anxiety, social isolation, socially hazardous environments, bullying, and depression that can cause chronic ill
material world vs perception of the inequality
what is the health selection explanation for the health inequality?
The health selection approach asserts that health determines socioeconomic class status rather than socioeconomic class determining health. Individuals who are ‘fitter’ are more likely to move up the social hierarchy. In contrast, people with ill health are downwardly mobile (or less upwardly mobile) and are therefore concentrated within the lower socioeconomic classes.
