W4 employment and occupation Flashcards
who are the main actors in capitalistic society?
workers (self-employment, employee), employers (private, public, non-profit), the state (local, national, supernational), representatives in workers union
what’s the differences between old and new style of economy?
old: long-term contract, pensions, promotion
new: gig workers with a help by technology that allows them to perform a series of tasks
what the hell is gig economy?
the exchange of labour for money between individuals or companies via digital platform that connect those actors
- -> workers perform tasks on demand
ex) online: upwork
offline: uber, deliveroo
-the firm-worker relationship is ambiguous
pros and cons on gig economy?
pros: flexible, great for customers, no boss, and less training to get the job
cons: isolation, stress, dismissal for poor performance
how big is gig economy in UK?
- 5% of all workers (as equivalent as NHS)
1. 1 million workers
what is the trend in the number of females in labout market?
generally increasing, by US Breau of Labor statistics, 2011
between 1970-2009 Italy: 26.4--> 38.4 Germany: 38.4--> 52.1 Canada: 38.3--> 62.6 UK: 44.6--> 56.8 US: 43.4--> 59.2
what has been revealed in term of requruitment regarding to gender?
discrimination for the other gender, when it was male/female dominated job
however… counter discrimination?
Breda&Hilton (2017)/Goldin&Rouse (2000)
blind audition increased more tendency to hire women
what is the trend in gender pay gap?
in decline 0.4-0.5 point in median (Kunze, 2017)
faster contingence in the bigger gap countries such as Japan, UK, and US, but still with sizable gap… (28.7/19.2/18.8)
1980-2010
what made these labour changes for women?
-attitude change, it used to be negative thing for women to get into labour (70s)–> it’s more positive (Mulligan & Rubinstein, 2008)
- Delaying child birth
- more education for women
- -> UN (2017) total fertility rates being decline with the longer education
why the inequality in wages is increasing?
mainly due to the income earning’s disparity
(Picketty, Saez, and Atkinson)
- it is where you work, not who you are (Barth et al, 2016)
- changes in the way market prices particular talents e.g. CEO, super star
since when wage stagnation in UK?
any other country as well?
and why?
right before the great recession
in US: long timeeeee
in Germany: since 1980s
–> because employers became unaffordable
what are the trends in high skill/mid-level/low-level job from supply/demand perspective?
and who says this kinda analysis is important?
high skill job:
where ppl get more money, and that’s why there are ore ppl to take higher education to get one of those jobs
mid-level job: replaced by automation of the jobs
–> more demands in low level jobs that are hard to automate
(This led big conglomerates to get equally skilled but cheap labour from developing world)
Goldin, Katz
what are the main lessons from financial crisis in 2008?
- the globalized market can allow the impact of crisis bigger (only few countries get unaffected)
- the too much reliance on the banks by the big company (conglomerates) can
what is the differences between old and new labour contract?
it used to be open/end style contract between employee and employer
- -> organised labour (unions)challenged more a stable style of contract
- -> that led a rise of social contract (state intervention)
what is social contract?
political action that required state intervention in terms of individuals quality of life that is supposed to be covered by work place
ex) 1906 early liberal party: action for state-based insurance against unemployment dues to illness or disability
