W9 Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
what is the GI tract
A
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Muscular tube that runs from mouth to anus
2
Q
describe the GI tract from proximal to distal
A
- Mouth to Oesophagus
- Stomach to small intestines
- Large intestines to Rectum to Anus
3
Q
what is the portal triad
A
1) hepatic portal
2) hepatic artery proper
3) common bile duct
4
Q
Why do rabbits have big caecums
A
fermentation of high fibre low nutrient grass
5
Q
How long is the small intestine
A
6m
6
Q
What are nutrients in small intestines called
A
chyme
7
Q
what are the 3 sections of the small intestine
A
- duodenum
- ileum
- jejunum
8
Q
whats the function of the small intestine
A
- digest food from the stomach
- absorbs nutrients and water
9
Q
which side is the stomach on
A
left
10
Q
what are the layers of the GI tract
A
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- serosa
11
Q
what is the duodenum
A
- c shaped structure that wraps the head and neck of pancreas
12
Q
how does bile enter the duodenum
A
major pancreatic duct joins the the major duodenal papilla
13
Q
whats the function of duodenum
A
- site for the secretion of fluid by accessory organs
- iron absorption in mammals
14
Q
how long is the duodenum
A
10 to 15 inches
15
Q
what are the 4 parts of the duodenum
A
- superior
- descending
- transverse
- ascending
16
Q
what is villous mucosa
A
joins directly to duodenum
17
Q
what is brunners gland and its function
A
- gland which lines the duodenum
- secretes mucus and bicarbonate
18
Q
what is the jejunum and its function
A
- absorption enterocytes
- 2nd part of the small intestine
19
Q
where is the jejunum located
A
between duodenum and ileum at the start of duodenojejunal flexure
20
Q
how long aprox is the jejunum
A
2.5m
21
Q
whats the ileum and its function
A
- 3rd part of the small intestine
- absorbs vitamin B12 + bile salts
22
Q
main diff between jejunum and ileum
A
- ileum has a smaller lumen and thinner walls
- ileum has smaller folds and absent at terminal end
23
Q
which section of small intestine has high amount’s of peyer patches
A
ileum
24
Q
what are the 5 sections of the large intestine
A
- caecum
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
25
what are the main 3 functions of the large intestine
- absorb water snd electrolytes
- produce + absorb vitamins
- propelling faeces
26
what is the caecum and its function
- enlarged pouch within peritoneum at start of large
- most proximal point of large intestine
- receives chyme from ileum
27
where is the caecum located
- right side of the body
- on the same side of appendix
28
what is ICV
- ileocaecal value
- sphincter muscle that separate small and large intestine
29
what is the function of ICV
- limit reflux of colonic content
- regulate flow of semi-liquid from ileum
30
what is appendicitis
inflammation of the vermiform appendix
31
what is the taeniae coli
3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle
32
what are epiploic appendices
fat deposits on external surface of large intestine
33
what is the rectum
terminal end of the digestive system that connects colon to anus
34
whats the role of the anus
an opening for the release of stool
35
where are rectal varices
proximal in rectum derived from portsl syste,
36
where are haemorrhoids
distal in rectum and derive from systemic circulation
37
what are the muscles of mastication innervated by
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
38
what does the temporalis muscle control
adduction and retraction of jaw
39
what does the masseter control
adduction and protrusion of jaw
40
what are the 4 muscles of mastication
temporalis
masseter
lateral and medial pterygoid
41
what supplies the motor nerve to tongue
hypoglossal nerve (12)
42
what are the 2 skeletal muscles of the tongue
intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
43
what are the 3 salivary glands
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
44
how does the parotid gland drain
parotid duct
45
where does the parotid gland enter from
2nd upper molar
46
which glands do the facial glands control in the mouth
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
47
where is the pharynx found
between oral cavity and oesophagus
48
which muscle controls the Upper Oesophageal sphincter (UoS)
cricopharyngeus
49
how does the oesophagus enter the stomach
at an acute angle
50
what is the oesophagus lined
with stratified squamous epithelium
51
where does the foregut start
T12
52
what are the 5 regions of the stomach
fundus
cardia
body
antrum
pyloric canal
53
where is most of the stomach in situ
left side of abdomen
54
what increases the SA of the stomach
gastric rugae
55
what does the stomach connect directly to
oesophagus
56
how is food broken down in the stomach
gastric muscle layers and peristaltic contractions in fundus
57
what are the digestion accessory organs
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
58
where is the liver in situ
under the right dome of the diaphragm
59
what are liver cells called
hepatocytes
60
how does the liver supply and drain blood
supply hepatic portal vein
drain from HPV to IVC
61
what is the main function of the liver
detox of alcohol
fibrinogen for blood clots
62
what is produced and stored in the gall bladder
bile
63
how does bile enter the duodenum
out of major pancreatic duct to duodenal papilla
64
where does the pancreas lie
posterior to stomach
65
what are all the parts of the pancreas
uncinate
head
neck
body
tail
66
whats the function of the pancreas
release exocrines
67
what are the main exocrines
digestive enzymes
68
what are endocrine cells
alpha cells that secrete glucagon
beta cells that secrete insulin
69
how does the G1 tract drain
through the portal system
into the inferior vena cava via the hepatic veins
70
what is the portal system
all veins which carry blood from abdomen to spleen, pancreas, gall bladder
71
how much of the total liver flow does the portal vein carry
75%
72
what are portacaval anastomoses
circulatory anastomosis between veins of portal system and vena cava
73
what is found in the retroperitoneal
Duodenal
pancreatic
right and left colic veins
74
what vein is found in the rectum
superior/inferior rectal vein
75
which vein is found in the oesophagus
left gastric vein
76
what is variceal bleeding
cirrhosis where rupture in oesophagus happens
77
