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Anatomy > W9 Digestive System > Flashcards

W9 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the GI tract

A
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Muscular tube that runs from mouth to anus
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2
Q

describe the GI tract from proximal to distal

A
  • Mouth to Oesophagus
  • Stomach to small intestines
  • Large intestines to Rectum to Anus
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3
Q

what is the portal triad

A

1) hepatic portal
2) hepatic artery proper
3) common bile duct

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4
Q

Why do rabbits have big caecums

A

fermentation of high fibre low nutrient grass

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5
Q

How long is the small intestine

A

6m

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6
Q

What are nutrients in small intestines called

A

chyme

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7
Q

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • ileum
  • jejunum
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8
Q

whats the function of the small intestine

A
  • digest food from the stomach
  • absorbs nutrients and water
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9
Q

which side is the stomach on

A

left

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10
Q

what are the layers of the GI tract

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
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11
Q

what is the duodenum

A
  • c shaped structure that wraps the head and neck of pancreas
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12
Q

how does bile enter the duodenum

A

major pancreatic duct joins the the major duodenal papilla

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13
Q

whats the function of duodenum

A
  • site for the secretion of fluid by accessory organs
  • iron absorption in mammals
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14
Q

how long is the duodenum

A

10 to 15 inches

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15
Q

what are the 4 parts of the duodenum

A
  • superior
  • descending
  • transverse
  • ascending
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16
Q

what is villous mucosa

A

joins directly to duodenum

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17
Q

what is brunners gland and its function

A
  • gland which lines the duodenum
  • secretes mucus and bicarbonate
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18
Q

what is the jejunum and its function

A
  • absorption enterocytes
  • 2nd part of the small intestine
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19
Q

where is the jejunum located

A

between duodenum and ileum at the start of duodenojejunal flexure

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20
Q

how long aprox is the jejunum

A

2.5m

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21
Q

whats the ileum and its function

A
  • 3rd part of the small intestine
  • absorbs vitamin B12 + bile salts
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22
Q

main diff between jejunum and ileum

A
  • ileum has a smaller lumen and thinner walls
  • ileum has smaller folds and absent at terminal end
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23
Q

which section of small intestine has high amount’s of peyer patches

A

ileum

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24
Q

what are the 5 sections of the large intestine

A
  • caecum
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
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25
Q

what are the main 3 functions of the large intestine

A
  • absorb water snd electrolytes
  • produce + absorb vitamins
  • propelling faeces
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26
Q

what is the caecum and its function

A
  • enlarged pouch within peritoneum at start of large
  • most proximal point of large intestine
  • receives chyme from ileum
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27
Q

where is the caecum located

A
  • right side of the body
  • on the same side of appendix
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28
Q

what is ICV

A
  • ileocaecal value
  • sphincter muscle that separate small and large intestine
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29
Q

what is the function of ICV

A
  • limit reflux of colonic content
  • regulate flow of semi-liquid from ileum
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30
Q

what is appendicitis

A

inflammation of the vermiform appendix

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31
Q

what is the taeniae coli

A

3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle

32
Q

what are epiploic appendices

A

fat deposits on external surface of large intestine

33
Q

what is the rectum

A

terminal end of the digestive system that connects colon to anus

34
Q

whats the role of the anus

A

an opening for the release of stool

35
Q

where are rectal varices

A

proximal in rectum derived from portsl syste,

36
Q

where are haemorrhoids

A

distal in rectum and derive from systemic circulation

37
Q

what are the muscles of mastication innervated by

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

38
Q

what does the temporalis muscle control

A

adduction and retraction of jaw

39
Q

what does the masseter control

A

adduction and protrusion of jaw

40
Q

what are the 4 muscles of mastication

A

temporalis
masseter
lateral and medial pterygoid

41
Q

what supplies the motor nerve to tongue

A

hypoglossal nerve (12)

42
Q

what are the 2 skeletal muscles of the tongue

A

intrinsic and extrinsic muscles

43
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands

A

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland

44
Q

how does the parotid gland drain

A

parotid duct

45
Q

where does the parotid gland enter from

A

2nd upper molar

46
Q

which glands do the facial glands control in the mouth

A

sublingual gland
submandibular gland

47
Q

where is the pharynx found

A

between oral cavity and oesophagus

48
Q

which muscle controls the Upper Oesophageal sphincter (UoS)

A

cricopharyngeus

49
Q

how does the oesophagus enter the stomach

A

at an acute angle

50
Q

what is the oesophagus lined

A

with stratified squamous epithelium

51
Q

where does the foregut start

A

T12

52
Q

what are the 5 regions of the stomach

A

fundus
cardia
body
antrum
pyloric canal

53
Q

where is most of the stomach in situ

A

left side of abdomen

54
Q

what increases the SA of the stomach

A

gastric rugae

55
Q

what does the stomach connect directly to

A

oesophagus

56
Q

how is food broken down in the stomach

A

gastric muscle layers and peristaltic contractions in fundus

57
Q

what are the digestion accessory organs

A

liver
gall bladder
pancreas

58
Q

where is the liver in situ

A

under the right dome of the diaphragm

59
Q

what are liver cells called

A

hepatocytes

60
Q

how does the liver supply and drain blood

A

supply hepatic portal vein
drain from HPV to IVC

61
Q

what is the main function of the liver

A

detox of alcohol
fibrinogen for blood clots

62
Q

what is produced and stored in the gall bladder

A

bile

63
Q

how does bile enter the duodenum

A

out of major pancreatic duct to duodenal papilla

64
Q

where does the pancreas lie

A

posterior to stomach

65
Q

what are all the parts of the pancreas

A

uncinate
head
neck
body
tail

66
Q

whats the function of the pancreas

A

release exocrines

67
Q

what are the main exocrines

A

digestive enzymes

68
Q

what are endocrine cells

A

alpha cells that secrete glucagon
beta cells that secrete insulin

69
Q

how does the G1 tract drain

A

through the portal system
into the inferior vena cava via the hepatic veins

70
Q

what is the portal system

A

all veins which carry blood from abdomen to spleen, pancreas, gall bladder

71
Q

how much of the total liver flow does the portal vein carry

A

75%

72
Q

what are portacaval anastomoses

A

circulatory anastomosis between veins of portal system and vena cava

73
Q

what is found in the retroperitoneal

A

Duodenal
pancreatic
right and left colic veins

74
Q

what vein is found in the rectum

A

superior/inferior rectal vein

75
Q

which vein is found in the oesophagus

A

left gastric vein

76
Q

what is variceal bleeding

A

cirrhosis where rupture in oesophagus happens

77
Q
A

Anatomy (11 decks)

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