W8L1 - AB4 Family 1 Flashcards
Who supports influence of family v peers
Family: Oliver James
Peers (+Genetics): Judith Harris
Family as a dynamic system. Elaborate on what it means.
Escher’s Drawing Hands
- Various parts of the system are in their own rights
- Each person is unique
- Relationship between parts define parts
- Needs to have a son to be a father to
- Substantial change to one part changes system to the development of the other
- Changes in one part (e.g. divorce) will lead to developmental changes
Applications of the Family Dynamic Framework
Walsh (2015): Family Developmental Framework of Resilience
What are characteristics of a difficult event to a family
- ) Distressful
2) Persistent
3) Disruptive Transition
Difficult Event to Family #1: Distressful
Distressful
Single event with adverse consequences
Difficult Event to Family #1: Persistent
Persistent
Not necessarily event, but circumstances such as low SES
Difficult Event to Family #1: Disruptive Transition
Disruptive Transition
Event which fundementally changes relationships (e.g. divorce or new born)
What can difficult events do to a family
Some families can work together to strength bond
Others weaken family bonds
What are the 3 broad things families to respond to difficulties
- ) Family Belief System
2) Family Organisation
3) Communication
Family Belief System - What are some properties
- Making meaning
- Is the event a burden or giving a broader purpose?
- Hopeful Outlook
- Is the difficulty likely to pass soon or is it creating new opportunities?
- Transcendence
- How does it affect the broader context - aims and goals of the family?
Family Organisation - What are some properties
- Flexible family structure
- Adaptivity to take on other roles
- Connectedness
- Mutual support
- External support
- Support outside the system
Communication - What are some properties
- Clear Information
- Truth
- Emotional Sharing
- Freedom to express. Can’t be forced
- Collaborative Sharing
- Related to problem solving
Give an example of Walsh Developmental Framework. Newborn
Difficult Event: Disruptive Transition - Newborn
- Changing everyone’s role
- Parents: Caregiver provider role
- Siblings
- Young sibling divided parental attention
- Older siblings have more responsibility
Define parent-child attachment
Emotional bond between parent and child enduring over time and context
What is the purpose of attachment.
- Security
- Partciular emotional security
- Confidence to explore
- Survival
- Food
- Co-regulation
- Parents help child regulate their emotions
What are the 4 types of attachment and what are some characteristics in the strange situation
- Secure
- Upset when caregiver leaves
- Happy to see caregiver return, recovering quickly from any distress.
- Use caregivers as a secure base for exploration.
- Anxious-Resistant
- Very upset when caregiver leaves them
- Not easily comforted and both seek comfort and resist efforts by the caregiver to comfort them.
- Clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than exploring
- Anxious-Avoidant
-
Indifferent toward their caregiver and may
even avoid the caregiver - If infant gets upset when left alone, he or she is as easily comforted by a stranger as by a parent
-
Indifferent toward their caregiver and may
- Disorganised
- No consistent way of coping
- Contradictory
What is the problem with defining attachment with labels
- Attachment labels define child’s relationship to the parent.
- However, attachment is bi-directional. Parents seem to be a mainly fulfilling a role
What is the developmental trajectory of attachment
- Pre-Attachment
- 0-6 Weeks
- Attachment Forming
- 6Weeks - 8Months
- Clear-Cut Attachment
- 8Months - 1.5Years
- Reciproal Relationship
- >1.5 Years
Role of parent and child in pre-attachment
0 - 6 Weeks
- Child
- Innate signals (Crying)
- Comforted by Parents
- Parent
- Responding to innate signals
- Comforts Child
Role of parent and child in attachment forming
6 Weeks - 8 Months
- Child
- Shows preference for familiar people
- Smile, laugh, etc… in the presence of primary caregiver
- Forms expectation on how caregivers will respond to their needs
- Shows preference for familiar people
- Parent
- Respond to infant’s needs
- Build trust
Role of parent and child in clear-cut attachment
8 Month - 1.5 Years
- Child
- Actively seek caregiver contact
- Happily greet parents; Distressed when parents leave
- Parent
- Parent now serves as a secure base, facilitate infant’s exploration and mastery of environment
Role of parent and child in reciprocal attachment
- Child
- Rapidly increasing language and cognitive abilities allow them to recognises caregivers’ feelings
- Separation distress declines
- Parent
- More mutually regulated relationship emerge as the child takes an increasingly active role in developing a working partnership with his or her parents
- Mutual regulation, working partnership
Study: NICHD (2001) Childcare and Predictors of Attachment Study. Descriptives and Results
Descriptives
>1000 families in US in diverse circumstances
- Quality of child care >
- Income-to-needs ratio
- Maternal sensitivity
- Attachment
Results
- No direct relationship between quality of child care and attachment
- Direct relationship between income-to-needs ratio / maternal sensitivty to attachment
- Low income-to-needs ratio = Poor attachment
- Low maternal sensitivity = Poor attachment
- Quality of child care has an impact only if income-to-needs ratio and maternal sensitivity is low
Suggest multiple environmental relationships
The effects of attachment of social development … (Caveats)
Attachment probably does not have as strong influence as its assumed to be
- Effects of attachment on social development varries in continuity and change
- Attachment styles often change despite its definition
- Suggest effects on attachment on development pathways varies across different children and different context (Dynamic Systems)
- Mediated by child’s interpretation of relationship
- (Self-concept development), forms around 3
- Attachment only important if the child has an internal self
- Might be better explained by parent-child discourse
- Child’s views shaped by parents
- (Social constructivist) approach
