W7L2 - AB3 Social Flashcards
What are the 2 questions of Social Development
- How do children come to learn from and understand others?
- How do children’s social worlds contribute to their development?
How do children learn to understand others? 2 Theories
- Social learning theory
- Role-taking (Perspectives) from others
What is Social Learning Theory: Describe in detail.
Self-concept development occurs alongside social development.
Children learn by:
- observing the behaviours of others
- observing how others react to those behaviours
- observing how they (the child) feel about those behaviours
- Emphasis on observation and imitation, rather than reinforcement
Example
- Person A engage in behaviour
- Person B responds (Positively and Negatively)
- Child observes how they feel about behaviour (Based on A and B).
- Feelings contribute to their world
Social Learning Theory: Experiment and Results. Bigger Implications
Experiment: Bandura Bobo Doll
Actor aggressively bobo doll.
Another adult reward/punished
Results
- Unprompted
- Witness actor being punished for aggression: Imitated fewer behaviours compared to control/rewarded
- Witness actor being rewarded for aggression: Imitated more behaviours compared to control/punished
- No large difference in mean no. of aggressive behaviours in girls after watching a film where an actor was rewarded for aggression, compared to when there was no consequence for the actor (Note: Still Large Diff between Rewarded and Punished)
- Prompted
- Easily reproduced behaviours under incentives in all conditions
Implications
- Children can quickly acquire new behaviours through observations
- Tendency to reproduce what they have learned depends on whether the person whose actions they observed was rewarded or punished
- What children learnt is not necessarily evident in their behaviour.
Social Learning Theory: Aggression Trajectory
- 12 mos: Low
- 24 mos: Higher
- 36 mos: Slightly Lower
- Suggested they learn non-aggressive strategies
- Across all times, boys are more aggressive than girls.
Applications of Social Cognitive Theory
Learning through observations applies to more than aggression
- Recycling Campaigns
- Anti-Violance
- Drinking
What is Role Taking
Practicing awareness of the perspective of another person; understanding of person’s behaviour, thoughts, and feelings.
“Inner’s world”
5 Stages of Role Taking. What does it reflect?
Selman’s (1980) Stage Theory of Role Taking (6-12)
- Stage 0 (- 6 yo): Egocentric
- Stage 1 (6-8 yo): Subjective
- Stage 2 (8-10 yo): Self-reflective
- Stage 3 (10-12 yo): Mutual
- Stage 4 (12 yo +): Societal
- Reflects increasing complexity.
Role taking: Stage 0
0-6yo. Egocentric
- Difficulty recognizing others’ perspectives
- Assumes everyone shares the same perspective
- “Holly’s Dad likes kittens”
Role taking: Stage 1
6-8 yo: Subjective
- People have different perspectives only because they have different information
- If everyone has same information, they will have same perpective
- “If Holly’s Dad know why Holly did it he won’t be angry”
Role taking: Stage 2
8-10 yo: Self-reflective
- People have different perspectives = they have different motivations.
- Able to think of other’s POV
- “Yes. Holly knows that her father will understand why she did it” - Think of Dad’s perspective
Role taking: Stage 3
10-12 yo: Mutual
- Recognises motivations of others as a third-party spectator.
- “Holly wanted to get the kitten because she likes kittens, but she knew that she wasn’t supposed to climb trees. Holly’s father knew that Holly had been told not to climb trees, but he couldn’t have known about [the kitten]”
- Recognised both Holly and Dad’s persepctive together
Role taking: Stage 4
>12yo: Societal
- Makes comparisons of self and other to a “generalized other”
- Assessing whether the person’s view is same as most people in the social group
- What would most people do
- “Her father should understand that we need to treat animals well”
Does role taking develop with self-concept? Give an example for 6 and 10 yo.
Yes.
6 year old:
- Basic social comparisons
- Subjective role taking (Stage 1)
10 year old:
- Other evaluations
- self-reflective role taking (Stage 2)
Compare Selman’s theory with Piaget
Strongly correlated.
- Egocentricism declines over time
- Both are qualitiatve
- Both are staged changes
- With Indiviudal variability
- You can’t ‘go back’ a stage
