W8 Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 regulatory elements

A

promotors and enhancers

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2
Q

which direction are promotors

A

proximal

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3
Q

which direction are enhancer

A

distal

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4
Q

what are found on promotors

A

transcription factor binding sites

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5
Q

what section of genes are transcribed but then spliced out

A

introns

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6
Q

where is energy for transcription from

A

hydrolysis of the ribonucleoside
triphosphate

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7
Q

what type of polymerase do eukaryotes use

A

RNA polymerase 2

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8
Q

what does RNA polymerase 2 do

A
  • Unwinds DNA
  • form phosphodiester bonds
  • Proof-reading and correction
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9
Q

why are DNA and RNA polymerase diff

A

Processivity

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10
Q

how does bacteria transcription occur

A
  • sigma factors take RNA polymerase to specific promotor
  • RNA polymerase binds to promotor seq
  • forming a closed complex
  • DNA is unzipped and opens the complex to form a transcription bubble
  • RNA polymerase will elongate by placing RNA nucleotides
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11
Q

describe 5’ capping

A
  • adds a m7G cap to mRNA
  • guanyl transferase adds the G
  • methyl transferase add the methyl group
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12
Q

what is a promotor

A

a region of a gene that polymerase binds to for downstream transcription

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13
Q

how do eukaryotes initiate transcription

A
  • enhancers will interact with transcription binding proteins via a mediator
  • RNA polymerase will elongate after binding to a transcription factor
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14
Q

why is the mRNA strand and coding strand the same

A

both complementary to template strand

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15
Q

how can you tell a cell is prokaryotic

A
  • transcription and translation happening simultaneously
  • contains introns
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16
Q

what is the 5’ cap called

17
Q

how does the m7G cap bind to mRNA

A

5’ to 5’ triphosphate bridge

18
Q

why is 5’ capping needed

A

to allow for exports and translation to begin

19
Q

describe how splicing works

A
  • branch point protein finds adenine in intron
  • takes the 2’ OH group and binds to the A on the intron
  • unstable to creates a lariat loop complex
  • exon junction complex forms after intron is removed
20
Q

how do you stop eukaryotic transcription

A
  • use cleavage stimulation factor (CstF)
  • cleavage sequences
  • 3’ polyadenylation creates an A tail at the end of the transcript
21
Q

how can RNA be sequenced

22
Q

how are gene functions studied

A

gene ontology

23
Q

what’s a way to detect the diff between DNA and RNA

A

RNA has a 2’ OH group but DNA doesn’t

24
Q

what is the role of a spliceosome

A

holds regions of splicing in place

25
what are spliceosomes made of
snRNAs form complexes with proteins
26
what's the job of snRNAs in splicing
find splice sites and catalyse reactions
27
what is alt splicing
can sometimes cut introns/exons
28
what is transcriptomics
reads how much a gene is expressed