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Biology- parasites > W8- Phylum Nematoda (filarial nematodes), Phylum Annelida > Flashcards

W8- Phylum Nematoda (filarial nematodes), Phylum Annelida Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Dracunculus medinensis known as?

A

Guinea worm

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2
Q

Dracunculus medinensis cause

A

dracunculiasis (guniea worm disease)

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3
Q

Dracunculus medinensis transmission

A

drinking water contaminated with infected cyclops (copepod)

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4
Q

Dracunculus medinensis habitat

A

subcutaneous tissue of legs, arms+ back of humans

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5
Q

Dracunculus medinensis host

A 
def host: humans
inter host: copepods, cyclops
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6
Q

Dracunculus medinensis infective stage

A

3rd larval stage

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7
Q

Dracunculus medinensis morphology

A

female=60-120cm. ant=blunt w/ tampering tail. lrg uterus-3 mill eggs
male= 10-40mm, rarely seen, dies after copulation

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8
Q

Dracunculus medinensis life cycle

A

1) human drinks contaminated water containing copepods w/ L3 larvae.
2) copepods dies, larvae released. it penetrates hosts stomach+ intestinal wall. they mature + reproduce in subcutaneous tissues. male dies after copulation
3) fertilised female migrate to skin surface causes a blister and discharges larvae
4) L1 larvae released into water + is ingested by cyclops. They penetrate gut wall of Cyclops and enter body cavity 5)larvae molts twice, cyclops L3 contains stage larva

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9
Q

what are filarial worms?

A

Filarial worms and their larvae = parasitic thread-like round nematodes Filariasis.
The larvae= transmitted to humans through a mosquito bite.
includes:
Wuchereria bancrofti, Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus

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10
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti cause

A

lymphatic filariasis

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11
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti habitat

A

in lymph nodes, lymphatic system

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12
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti morphology

A 
Female= 70-100mm, post end is straight
Male= 25-40mm, post end is curved

MICROFILARIAE: sheathed, nocturnal- appear in blood at night. dark spots= dispersed nuclei throughout body cavity, w/ no nuclei in tail tip.
ant v spot= excretory system
post v spot= anal pore

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13
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti transmission

A

bite by mosquito carrying filariform larvae

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14
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti life cycle

A

1) During bloodmeal mosquito inject L3 larvae into skin which enters lymphatics and develops to adult, sexually mature, mate.
2) female produce sheathed microfilariae that migrate to lymphatic+peripheral blood circulation
3) mosquito takes a bloodmeal, ingest microfilaria which shed sheaths+ penetrate mosquitoes midgut, migrate to thoracic muscles.
4) L1 larvae –>L2 larvae–> infective L3 larvae migrate to mosquito head + proboscis

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15
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti life cycle

A

1) During bloodmeal mosquito inject L3 larvae into skin which enters lymphatics and develops to adult, sexually mature, mate.
2) female produce sheathed microfilariae that migrate to lymphatic+peripheral blood circulation during NIGHT
3) mosquito takes a bloodmeal, ingest microfilaria which shed sheaths+ penetrate mosquitoes midgut, migrate to thoracic muscles.
4) L1 larvae –>L2 larvae–> infective L3 larvae migrate to mosquito head + proboscis

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16
Q

Loa loa cause

A

Loiasis- swelling

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17
Q

Loa loa morphology

A

thread-like, transparent.
female= 50-70mm
male= 30-40mm

MICROFILARIAE: sheathed w/ column of nuclei which extends to tip of tail.
diurnal- appear in peripheral circulation during daytime

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18
Q

Loa loa habitat

A

under skin in subcutaneous connective tissue. under conjunctiva of eye, in body cavity walls

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19
Q

Loa loa host &vector

A 
def host: humans
inter host/vector: blood-sucking mango flies-genus chrysops
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20
Q

Loa loa infective form

A

3rd stage larvae

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21
Q

Loa loa transmission

A

Bite of infected chrysops during blood-meal

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22
Q

Loa loa life cycle

A

1) fly (genus chrysops) takes bloodmeal (L3 larvae enters bite wound). this matures + develop into adults in subcutaneous tissue
2) adults produce shed microfilariae found in spinal fluid, urine, peripheral blood.
3) Fly takes bloodmeal ingests microfilariae which shed sheath + penetrate fly midgut+ Migrate to thoracic muscles
4) L1 larvae, L2 larvae, infectious L3 larvae migrate to head and Proboscis

23
Q

Loa loa life cycle

A

1) fly (genus chrysops) takes bloodmeal (L3 larvae enters bite wound). this matures + develop into adults in subcutaneous tissue
2) adults produce sheathed microfilariae found in peripheral blood during DAY and in lungs during night.
3) Fly takes bloodmeal ingests microfilariae which shed sheath + penetrate fly midgut+ Migrate to thoracic muscles
4) L1 larvae, L2 larvae, infectious L3 larvae migrate to head and Proboscis

24
Q

Onchocerca volvulus cause

A

Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)

also skin disease

25
Q

Onchocerca volvulus transmitted

A

blackflies of the genus Simulium.

26
Q

why is the disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus called river blindness

A

black fly lives+ breeds near fast-flowing streams +rivers
infection can
result in blindness.

27
Q

Onchocerca volvulus habitat

A

nodules in subcutaneous connective tissue

28
Q

Onchocerca volvulus morphology

A

female: 50cm
male: 30cm
MICROFILARIA: unsheathed, non periodic

29
Q

Onchocerca volvulus Life cycle

A

1) Blackfly take blood meal,(L3 enters bite wound) +migrate to subcutaneous tissue.
2) adults in subcutaneous nodules, they produces unsheathed microfilariae in skin
3) blackly takes bloodmeal w/ microfilariae. which penetrate midgut+ migrate thoracic muscles
4) L1 larvae, L2 larvae, infective L3 larvae which migrates to head + proboscis of fly

30
Q

characteristics of phylum Annelida

A
  • they have segmentation= metamerism (each segment has body systems-circ,ner,excre) bilateral symmetry, triploblastic.
  • body wall= circular + longitudinal muscle fibers surrounded by acellular cuticle secreted by the epithelium.
  • setae= hair-like(X leech)
  • true coelom. Except in leeches, the coelom is partially subdivided by septa.
    Hydrostatic pressure is maintained across segments and helps maintain body
    rigidity, allowing muscle contractions to bend the body without collapsing it.
31
Q

characteristics of phylum Annelida

A
  • they have segmentation= metamerism (each segment has body systems-circ,ner,excre) bilateral symmetry, triploblastic.
  • body wall= circular + longitudinal muscle fibers surrounded by acellular cuticle secreted by the epithelium.
  • setae = hair-like(X leech)
  • true coelom (body cavity). Except in leeches, the coelom is partially subdivided by septa.
    Hydrostatic pressure =maintained across segments + helps maintain body
    rigidity, allowing muscle contractions to bend the body w/o collapsing it.
32
Q

what’s Clitellum in phylum annelida-CLITELLATA?

A

reproductive structure that generates mucus that aids sperm transfer.

33
Q

what is the Lumbricus

terrestris known as?

A

Common earthworm

34
Q

Lumbricus terrestris habitat

A

moist soils + dead plant material

35
Q

Lumbricus terrestris evolutionary changes:

A

coelom, Metamerism, Setae, Cerebral ganglia, Blood vessels (some
of them pumping), Metanephridia

36
Q

Lumbricus terrestris morphology

A

30cm, 140-180 metamers, each segment has 8 setae(bristles) located in 4 rows.
well developed musculocutaneous body wall. body cavity divided by transverse septa.
bisymmetrical,
no eyes- but has cells sensitive to light, no ears, but can feel vibrations
head can regenerate segments, lower segments cannot.
segmentation helps the worm to be flexible + strong in movement

37
Q

what are setae in Lumbricus terrestris?

A

small bristles, which the worm uses to move and burrow. they control the worm when moving through soil

38
Q

Lumbricus terrestris digestive system

A 
mouth, pharynx, esophagus,  crop (temp storage for food), the intestine and
the gizzard (uses stones to grind food). Gland cells in the intestine release enzymes. Intestinal wall contains
blood vessels where the digested food is absorbed and transported to the rest of the body.
39
Q

Lumbricus terrestris circulatory system

A

closed. dorsal and ventral blood vessels. 5 pairs aortic arches function like a heart. they pump blood into the
dorsal and ventral blood vessels. dorsal vessels = carry blood to the body front part. ventral vessels= carry blood to the back of the body.

40
Q

Lumbricus terrestris Respiration

A

cutaneous. breathe through their skin. To support the gas diffusion, body fluid and mucous are released to keep the skin moist. capillary network lie just under body surface

41
Q

Lumbricus terrestris Reproduction

A

hermaphrodites, but most need a mate to reproduce.

During mating, 2 worms line up inverted from each other +exchange sperm. Slime tube forms (clitellum), full of fluid. Tube will pass over female pore picking up eggs. It will continue to move down the earthworm and pass over the male pore picking the spermatozoa. The fertilized eggs develop in the closed clitellum.

42
Q

Lumbricus terrestris nervous system

A

Ganglion type. ‘brain’ located in head its important for movement. if brain removed, it will move continuously

43
Q

what is Hirudo medicinalis known as?

A

medicinal leech

44
Q

Hirudo medicinalis habitat

what does it feed on?

A

fresh water pools

feeds of blood of endothermic vertebrates

45
Q

Hirudo medicinalis morphology

A

15-20cm, green/brown
metameris(33 segments)
dorsoventrally flattened has ant+post sucker. post sucker= helps it move and cling to a host. ant sucker =has 3 sharp teeth. which cuts host skin.
can feed for 30 minutes to 6 hrs or more.
saliva=100 pharmacologically active substances which are injected into human during the sucking.
proteins in leech salvia = prevents pain and reduces swelling =applied as a therapy.

46
Q

Hirudo medicinalis reproduction

A

hermaphrodites
produce sperm+ egg. leeches line up w/ one another. one attaches sac-filled sperm to other. sperm released from sac+pierce skin of other leech, finding way to ovaries. sperm fertilisers egg. Leech makes cocoon by secreting thick fluids from clitellum. eggs are inserted in cocoon, leech covers cocoon with body to protect it.

47
Q

Hirudo medicinalis male reproductive

A

ant part= 9 pairs of testes in each segment.
vasa efferentia come out of them+ fuse into a pair of laterally positioned vasa deferentia.
epideymis- stores sperm+ transports it from testes

48
Q

how does Hirudo medicinalis move?

A

They relax their muscle, (body =stretched +elongated) leech attaches to substrate using sucker and contract muscle moving forwards.
they have wave like motion they use to swim through water

49
Q

Hirudo medicinalis digestive system

A

Mouth located in anterior sucker. Jaw is covered by sharp chitinous teeth that cut host skin.
glands that contain hirudin=substance w/ anti coagulant activity.
buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, crop- 10 pairs of ceca (bags for storage of ingested blood)

50
Q

Hirudo medicinalis host

A

humans, vertebrates

51
Q

Hirudo medicinalis excretory system

nervous system

A

17 pairs of metanephridia (excretory glands w/ a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity)

ganglion type (20)

52
Q

Hirudo medicinalis female reproductive

A

1 pair of ovaries, oviduct which fuse to form uterus, then vagina opens ventrally in genital pore located behind male pore.

53
Q

how much blood can Hirudo medicinalis suck?

A

15 mL whilst injecting anticoagulants (hirudin).

10x their body weight in single meal

Biology- parasites (8 decks)

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