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Biology- parasites > W8&9- Phylum Arthropoda. Class Arachnida > Flashcards

W8&9- Phylum Arthropoda. Class Arachnida Flashcards

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1
Q

Phylum Arthropoda characteristics

A
  • Segmented body covered by chitin exoskeleton=protection +provides muscle attachment.
  • Arthropods molt because their
    exoskeletons don’t grow with them.
  • Open circulatory systems w/ dorsal heart which collects blood from the body cavity+ pumps it back into the body cavity.
  • nerve system = developed sense organs. ganglia connected to bundle of nerve.
  • Jointed appendages – antennae, mouthparts and walking legs.
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2
Q

Phylum Arthropoda morphology

A

Bilateral symmetry helps easy movement body: head, thorax & abdomen. each segment= pair of legs
triploblastic- end, miso, ectoderm
coelomates- body cavity made of blood haemocoel.

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3
Q

what is indirect development?

what is direct development?

A

Includes larval stage
metamorphosis= multiple larval stages

No larval stage
young ones = smaller version of adults

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4
Q

Class Crustacea morphology

e.g lobster, crab, crayfish, prawns

A

most are free living, but some are sessile (immobile)
consists of cephalothorax (5 segments) and abdomen.
- in cephalothorax first 2 segments= pair of Antenne, other 3 have appendages for mechanical processing of food. pair of mandibles and two pairs of Maxallae also has pair of eyes
- thorax+ abdomen:

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5
Q

what parasites are Genus Cyclops intermediate host for?

A

Dracunculus (guinea worm) and Diphylloborthrium (fish tape worm)

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6
Q

Genus Cyclops morphology

A

2–3mm, 1 black/red eye in middle of head. green/yellow in colour
ant part =broad, oval
post part= thinner
5 pairs of legs, 2 Antennae (used to grip female during mating).
female carry eggs in sacs+ multyply rapidly- have an imp role in food chain.
Male and female differ by antennae

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7
Q

what does Genus Cyclops feed on

Daphnia pulex reproduction cycle

A

plankton/algae

alternating asexual + sexual phases (parthenogenesis).

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8
Q

Class Arachnida characteristics

e.g spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, ticks and mites.

A

Almost all are terrestrial, some live in freshwater + marine environments as well.
- body= cephalothorax (7 fused cephalic+thoracic seg) and abdomen
- 8 legs= front pair of legs for
sensory function, legs adapted for locomotion + end w/ claw
Chelicerae= for grasping + tearing food apart, has venom
pedipalps = reproduction

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9
Q

what is Order Araneae known as?

A

Spiders = air-breathing arthropods that have 8 legs and chelicerae w/ fangs that inject venom

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10
Q

Order Araneae body

A

body= cephalothorax + abdomen. no antennae.
4 pairs of eyes on top of cephalothorax.
abdomens= appendages which are spinnerets that extrude silk
Fangs(chelicerae)- deliver venom to capture+ kill prey.

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11
Q

Order Araneae nervous system

A

Concentrated in cephalothorax. Ganglia fused into a mass found below the brain, so cephalothorax is largely filled with nervous tissue.
No ganglion in abdomen

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12
Q

Order Araneae respiration

A

Have book lungs/ tracheal system or both
2 pairs of book lungs filled w/ hemolymph(blood in invertebrates, occupying haemocoel),
openings on ventral surface of abdomen allow air to enter + diffuse oxygen
Trachea has openings, (spiracles)

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13
Q

Order Araneae circulation

A

Open circulatory system (no blood/veins)
body filled with heamolymph, which is pumped through arteries by a heart into sinuses
spiders= coelomates(has body cavity), largely taken up by haemcoel= cavity that heamolymph runs through.
Heart located in abdomen = simple tube, surrounded by thin wall= Pericardium

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14
Q

Order Araneae digestion

A

Digestion occurs internally + externally. Secrete digestive fluids onto prey from ducts on Chelicerae.
digestive fluids dissolve prey’s internal tissues. spider feeds by sucking the partially digestive fluids.
Midgut has many digestives ceca (pouches) that extra nutrients from food

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15
Q

Order Araneae excretion

A

Convert nitrogenous waste to uric acid. malphigian tubules extract waste from blood in hemacoel and expel through anus

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16
Q

what is Latrodectus

tredecimguttatus known as?

A

Mediterranean black

widow

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17
Q

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus habitat

A

grasslands

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18
Q

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus morphology

A

female: Has 13 red spots on dorsal abdomen
male: bright white spots and reddish dots in centre
Body = cephalothorax and abdomen
female: larger in size and have black abdomen
male: smaller and abdomen is elongated
6 pairs of appendages: chelicerae(upper jaws), pedipalps(lower jaw), 4 pairs of legs

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19
Q

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus development

bite?

A

direct

Only female bite is dangerous as mail cannot penetrate the epidermis

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20
Q

Order Scorpiones morphology

A

9-210mm// 2-25yrs
2 large pedipalps that end in pincer
8 legs, narrow segmented tail which ends with a stinger body= 5 segments bears stinger

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21
Q

Order Scorpiones nervous system

A

CNS- brain + ventral nerve cord.

brain = 2 large ganglion that surrounds the oesophagus

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22
Q

Order Scorpiones morphology

A

9-210mm // 2-25yrs
2 large pedipalps that end in pincer
8 legs, narrow segmented tail which ends with a stinger body= 5 segments bears stinger

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23
Q

Order Scorpiones feeding

A

1) prey is at claw of pedipalps.+ stung
2) prey Brough to oral cavity. chelicerae wounds body
3) pharynx sucks fluid, saliva mixes with it.
4) partially digested food moved tp midgut. further digestion-enzymes
5) residue digested through anus

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24
Q

Order Scorpiones excretion

A

2 pairs of Malpighian tubules attached to intestine. waste expelled through anus.
coxal gland- urine (bladder opening)

25
Q

Order Scorpiones circulation

A

open. tubular heart located dorsally. runs length of mesosoma

26
Q

Order Scorpiones respiration

A

4 pairs of book lungs- consists of many ‘plates’ stacked closely together. passive diffusion occurs

27
Q

Order Scorpiones reproductive

A

separate sexes, paired gonads. sperm enters female gonopore+ fertilisation is internal

1) male deposits sperm at site
2) male glides over female area
3) spermatophore enter female genetalia, it fertilises female
4) egg develops in ovary+ nourishes embryo- viviparous. young resembles adult

28
Q

Genus Euscorpius

A

4cm
genus of scorpions, called small wood- scorpions
species varies color (black w/ yellow-brown legs and darker sting. some w/ dark brown bodies, light brown
venom has local effect
found in gardens, forest, house N.Africa and Europe

29
Q

Genus Euscorpius

A

4cm
genus of scorpions, called small wood- scorpions
species varies color (black w/ yellow-brown legs and darker sting. some w/ dark brown bodies, light brown
venom has local effect- causes local inflammatory reaction
found in gardens, forest, house N.Africa and Europe

30
Q

Order Acari

A

Acari (or Acarina) = mites +

ticks.

31
Q

Order Acari body

A

segmented body: cephalothorax + abdomen. they are completely fused= radiosoma.
4 pairs of legs, some=fewer.
mouth parts=adapted for biting, stinging or sucking.
They breathe through tracheae, stigmata (small openings of the skin),
intestines and the skin itself.

32
Q

Order Acari body

A

segmented body: cephalothorax + abdomen. they are completely fused= radiosoma.
4 pairs of legs, some=fewer.
mouth parts=adapted for biting, stinging or sucking.
has a calcified proboscis on base = hypostome

33
Q

Order Acari respiration

A

breathe through tracheae, stigmata (small openings of the skin), intestines and the skin itself.

34
Q

Order Acari reproduction

A

Separate sexes. sperm transferred to female indirectly

sperm can be deposited which is picked up by female. or sperm injected by chelicerae into female gonophore

35
Q

Order Acari ticks vs mites

A 
Mites= 0.5-3mm
ticks= 3-30mm

mites live on land or water Some species carry
disease- producing microorganisms;. some are sgricultural pests, feeding on crops
Mite body= soft and hairy.

ticks live on land (woods, pasture). blood-sucking parasites carry disease producing microorganisms, which they transmit
Tick body =leathery and hairless

36
Q

Order Acari gen life cycle

A

egg–> larva(max 2)–> nymph (max 3)–> adult.

Development includes metamorphosis
Larvae(6 legs) hatch from fertilised egg only has basic systems
Larvae turned to Nymphs (8legs) after 3 molts. they have immature repro system. after 3 molts then becomes adult (8 legs)

37
Q

what is Sarcoptes scabiei known as

A

itch mite- skin parasite

38
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei cause

A

scabies (cutaneous ascariasis) severe itching and infections.it burrows into skin

39
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei transmission

A

Person to person contact – transfer of pregnant female. skin to skin contact

40
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei life cycle

A

Egg, Laragh, nymph, adult

1) Adult female deposit eggs as they borrow in skin.
2) eggs hatch into larva (6 legs). which migrates to skin surface+ burrows into molting pouches- often hair follicles.
3) larvae molts into nymph (8 legs), this then molts into bigger nymph and then adult.
4) Adult male mite penetrates molting pouch of female
5) impregnated female leave pouches looking for suitable location for permanent borrow.

only mate once.

41
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei respiration

A

Lacks trachea and stigmata so uses entire body surface for respiration

42
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei morphology

A

female: 0.4mm
male: 0.2mm, males do no burrow.
body= round, ventrally flattened+ dorsally convex w/ 4 pairs of short legs. front legs and mouthparts can slice through skin. other legs have suckers to hold onto skin.
NO eyes

43
Q

what are Genus Dermatophagoides known as?

cause

A

house dust mites

allergy

44
Q

Genus Dermatophagoides morphology

diet

A

microscopic- 0.2-0.3mm
Very small translucent body striated cuticle

feeds on skin flakes

45
Q

Tick-borne diseases/ removal

A

First aid equals best way to remove tech – tweezers and disinfect wound.
no tweezers, use gloves not bare hands. keep tick for inspection
Tick-borne diseases are infections transmitted by ticks. eggs can get the infection from mother (trans-ovarian transfer)
mouth parts has hooks which stay in skin
Transmitted pathogens: rickettsia, bacteria, viruses and protozoa.
Major tick-borne diseases: Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, relapsing fever, tularemia, tick-borne meningoencephalitis, Colorado tick fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, etc.

46
Q

what is Ixodes ricinus known as?

A

hard ticks

47
Q

Ixodes ricinus morphology

A

male: 2.4-2.8mm
femle: 3.0-3.6mm
Hard bodied tick
11 mm after bloodmeal
cuticle impregnated w/ chitin.this form shield
mouth parts- cuts skin+ good for blood sucking
chelicerae + pedipals form proboscis.
hypotosome has teeth for attachment to animals. NO eyes, anus has groove above.

48
Q

what is Ixodes ricinus a vector of?

A
  • Lyme disease (caused by Borrelia burgdorferi)
  • tick borne-encephalitis.

causes ring shape bruise/ redness on skin

49
Q

what is Dermacentor marginatus known as

host

habitat

A

ornate sheep tick

Most mammals: sheep, cattle, deer, dogs, humans, hares, hedgehogs.

lowland areas+ forest

50
Q

Dermacentor marginatus morphology

A

female: 4.6- 5.4mm after blood=15mm
male: 4.8-5.8mm
Silver white markings on dorsal shield
has flat eyes located on edge of shield
probiscus= short + thick

51
Q

Dermacentor marginatus transmitted diseases

A

Transmitted diseases : spring-summer encephalitis, Q fever, tularemia, etc.

52
Q

what is Hyalomma plumbeum known as

A

“bont-legged ticks”

53
Q

Hyalomma plumbeum morphology

A

Large body with red colour eyes = lrg surrounded by Groove= orbits
proboscis= long
anal groove= located caudally of anus
coloured legs

54
Q

Hyalomma plumbeum vector of

A

reservoir and vector of Crimean hemorrhagic fever.

55
Q

what is Rhipicephalus sanguineus known as?

A

brown dog tick

56
Q

Rhipicephalus sanguineus morphology

A

eyes have no orbits

anal groove located caudally of anus

57
Q

Rhipicephalus sanguineus vector of

host

A

Rickettsia conorii, (causes
Mediterranean spotted fever),
boutonneuse fever, or tick typhus.

host=dogs

58
Q

Rhipicephalus sanguineus life cycle

A

completes life cycle indoors so can live in colder climates
its a 3 host tick- each active stage (L,N,A) in host and then leaves host to digest blood then molts into next stage or lays eggs

Biology- parasites (8 decks)

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