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Biology- parasites > W3&4- Subphylum Sarcodina, Phylum Ciliophora, Phylum Apicomplexa > Flashcards

W3&4- Subphylum Sarcodina, Phylum Ciliophora, Phylum Apicomplexa Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Entamoeba histolytica found?

A

In lrg intestine (cecum + colon)

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2
Q

How do Entamoeba histolytica move?

A

they are in the subphylum sarcodina, they move using temporary cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia.
NO mitochondrion

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3
Q

Entamoeba histolytica forms?

A

2 forms:

1) trophozoite
2) cyst

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4
Q

Entamoeba histolytica life cycle

A
  1. infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts in f/w contaminated with feces
  2. Excystation in small intestine, trophoziotes are released. migrate to the lrg intestine
  3. Trophozoites they invade intestinal mucosa and use bloodstream to infect site (liver, brain, lungs). Trophozoites multiply by binary fission+produce cysts, which are both passed in feces
  4. Outside body, tropoziotes can’t survive, cysts can as they have dense wall to protect them. so cysts are responsible for transmission.
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5
Q

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite morphology.

A

size=20-30 µm
they are anaerobic, move using pseudopods.
may be observed with ingested red blood cells
Nucleus contains central karyosome and fine peripheral chromatin.

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6
Q

Entamoeba histolytica cyst morphology

A

size=10-20 μm
spherical in shape.

  • immature cysts=1 or 2 nuclei,
  • mature cyst=4 nucleus w/ karyosome
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7
Q

Entamoeba histolytica infective form

A

Mature cyst w/ 4 nucleus

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8
Q

Entamoeba histolytica transmission

A

F/w contaminated w/ cysts

fecal-oral

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9
Q

What does Entamoeba histolytica cause?

A

Causes amoebiasis

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10
Q

Is Entamoeba histolytica intracellular or extracellular?

A

Intracellular

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11
Q

What does Balantidium coli cause?

length of cell?

A

Causes Balantidiasis.

lrg cells reaching 2mm

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12
Q

Where is Balantidium coli found?

A

In cecum or colon of humans/pigs

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13
Q

Is Balantidium coli intracellular or extracellular?

A

intracellular

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14
Q

Balantidium coli transmission

A

ingestion of f/w contaminated with feces containing cysts

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15
Q

Balantidium coli life cycle

A
  1. cyst through ingestion of f/w contaminated w/ feces
  2. after ingestion, excystation occurs in small intestine. Trophozoite colonise lrg intestine
  3. Trophezoide resides in lrg intestine lumen + appendix. Replicate by binary fission and conjugation may occur – type of a reproduction
  4. encystation of trophozoite occurs producing infective cyst. Some trophozoites invade wall of colon and multiply. Some return to lumen and disintegrate. Mature cyst passed with faeces
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16
Q

Balantidium coli infective form

A

cyst

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17
Q

Balantidium coli forms

A

has 2 forms:

1) trophozoite
2) cyst

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18
Q

Balantidium coli host

A

natural host - pig
accidental host- humans

Pigs are its reservoir hosts, and humans become infected through direct or indirect contact with pigs.

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19
Q

Balantidium coli trophozoite morphology

A

size=60- 70 μm
large ovoid cell.
- ant end=narrow, there is a groove(peristome) which leads to mouth (cytostome)
- post end= broad, there is an anal pore(cytopyge)
2 nucleus:
1)macronucleus- lrg kidney shaped. general cell regulation
2)micronucleus- for reproduction (genetic)
- 2 translucent vacuoles- digestion+contractile

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20
Q

Balantidium coli cyst morphology

A

spherical. surrounded by thick cyst wall.

macronucleus and vacuoles can be seen.

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21
Q

What phylum Balantidium coli in? what is its characteristic?

A

Phylum Ciliophora(Ciliates) they have cilia for movement+feeding.

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22
Q

reproduction in ciliates?

A
  • binary fission (asexual)
  • autogamy (self- fertilisation-nuclei fuse)
  • conjugation- exchange of genetic materials through a cytoplasmic bridge. sexual process, cells exchange haploid nuclei instead of fusing.
    1) meiosis -produces haploid nuclei
    2) exchange haploid nuclei
    3) finish w/ new combination of genes
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23
Q

Where is Toxoplasma gondii found?

A

SI and in organs eg brain, eye, heart, muslces

24
Q

Is Toxoplasma gondii intracellular or extracellular?

A

Intracellular, uses warm-blooded animals as host

25
Q

Toxoplasma gondii transmission

A
  • raw/undercooked meat containing cyst
  • ingesting f/w contaminated w/ oocysts(cat feces)
  • transmission from mother to foetus,
  • blood transfusion, organ transplant
26
Q

Toxoplasma gondii host

A

Def host: cats

inter host: humans

27
Q

What does Toxoplasma gondii cause?

A

Causes toxoplasmosis

28
Q

Toxoplasma gondii forms

A

3 forms:

1) trachyzoite (rapid growth +reproduction),
2) bradyzoite (slower reproduction, in tissue cysts-muscle+brain)
3) sporozoites (in oocytes)

29
Q

Toxoplasma gondii infective form

A

sporulated oocysts

30
Q

Toxoplasma gondii life cycle

A
  1. unsporulated oocyst shed on cats feaces. Oocysts sporulate and become infective. inter host(humans)– ingest material with oocysts
  2. Oocysts–>trachyzoites after ingestion. they invade and multiply inside any cell. and releases more trachyzoites which develop into bradyzoite which forms cysts mainly in brain, liver and muscle tissue
  3. Cats are infected after consuming intermediate host with cyst. They can also be affected directly by ingestion of sporulated oocysts
31
Q

Toxoplasma gondii trachyzoites morphology

A

3-7μm
they are cresent shaped, one end pointed(apical complex), the other is rounded.
long, elongated & thin

32
Q

What phylum is Toxoplasma gondii from?

what are its characteristics?

A 
Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporota) has a apical complex which allows host attachment and cell penetration.
do sexual and asexual repro (endodyogeny)
33
Q

Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites morphology

A

Cyst= round. they remain in tissue

34
Q

Toxoplasma gondii oocysts morphology

A

only develop in intestine of def host(cats).
oval shape, has a thick resistant wall.
formed by sexual repro(gametogeny). cats shed oocyst in feces, they are only infective when sporulated 1->2->4. oocyst lives in soil and is ingested which releases sporozoites in intestine.

35
Q

How does Toxoplasma gondii reproduce?

A

Schizogony- asexual reproduction
Gametogeny- sexual (gamete fuse–> zygote) this undergoes sporogony. occurs in cats intestinal cells.
endodyogeny- asexual repro, internal budding, 2 daughter cells in mother cell

36
Q

Toxoplasma gondii oocysts morphology

A

Only develop in intestine of def host(cats).
oval shape, has a thick resistant wall.
formed by sexual repro(gametogeny). cats shed oocyst in feces, they are only infective when sporulated 1->2->4. oocyst lives in soil and is ingested which releases sporozoites in intestine.

37
Q

what is Entamoeba Dispar?
found?
forms?

A

non pathogenic,
found in lrg intestine.
trophozoites + cyst forms

38
Q

Where is Entamoeba gingivalis found?

transmission?

A

between pockets near base of teeth

direct transmission by kissing, sharing utensils.

39
Q

What is Paramecium caudatum?

A

In phylum Ciliophora.
length= 0.33 mm
covered with minute hair-like organelles called cilia- used in locomotion and feeding.
NOT PARASITE

40
Q

Characteristics of genus plasmodium

A
  • they reproduce sexually in female mosquito-Anopheles

- they have a apical complex to penetrate though cells

41
Q

How does Plasmodium reproduce?

A

schizogony= asexual repro, type of mitosis. occurs is RBC and liver cells.
products of schizogony =merozoites

42
Q

Where is Plasmodium found?

A

they are found in liver cell

in blood smear- they are inside RBCs

43
Q

Plasmodium Host

A

vector+def host=female anopheles

inter host= vertebrates-humans(in liver+erythrocytes)

44
Q

Plasmodium infective stage

A

sporozoites injected during blood meal

45
Q

Plasmodium life cycle

A
  1. infected female anopheles inject sporozite(infective) from salivary gland.
  2. sporozoites travel via blood stream+ invade liver cells (hepatocytes).
  3. in liver they multiply asexually by Schizogony = producing many merizoites.(schizont contains them) they’re produced in liver+released into blood via vesicles=merizomes. liver cell burst releasing them into blood stream.
  4. merozites enter RBC by apicomplexan invasion. it differentiation into ring trophozoites+ multiplies (many merizoites) .
  5. RBC ruptured by merozoites. cycle repeats, more RBS are burst. After few cycles They differentiate into sexual forms. Male/female gametocytes
  6. Gametocytes are ingested by female mosquito. Parasite multiplies in mosquito by sporogonic cycle.they become mature
  7. In stomach of mosquito, male gamete penetrate female gamete creating zygote. zygotes invade midgut and develop as oocysts.
  8. Oocysts grow,rupure and releases sporozoites which go to mosquitos salivary gland. Then sporozoites go into human cycle restarts…
46
Q

Are Plasmodium intracellular or intracellular?

A

intracellular

47
Q

What does Plasmodium Vivax cause? MOST COMMON

what is the other name?why?

A

causes viviax malaria = tertian malaria.

called this because RBC schizogony lasts 48hrs+ fever occurs every 3rd day

48
Q

How to distinguish Plasmodium Vivax?

A
  • has a trophozoite ring stage.
  • schizont has 12-24 merozoites
  • infected erythrocytes= enlarged, have red Schüffner’s dots on the surface.
49
Q

What does Plasmodium malariae cause?

A

causes quartan malaria

called this because RBC schizogony lasts 72hrs + fever on every 4th day

50
Q

How to distinguish Plasmodium Malariae?

A
  • band-like structure in the developing trophozoite,

- rosette form of the schizont (6-12 merozoites)

51
Q

What does Plasmodium flaciparum cause? MOST SEVERE

A

causes falciparum malaria= tropical malaria
infects both mature and immature RBCs
continuous fever
complication= cerebral malaria-coma

52
Q

How to distinguish Plasmodium Flaciparum?

A

Gametocytes are cresent shaped.
12-16 merozoites
RBC not enlarged, has “Maurer’s dots”(red)

53
Q

what does plasmodium cause fever?

A

due to rupture of infected RBC

54
Q

why is Plasmodium flaciparum most severe?

A

severe malaria= it multiples rapidly in the blood, and can cause severe blood loss (anemia).
The destruction of red blood cells by the malaria parasite can cause severe anaemia.

55
Q

how is cerebral malaria caused?

A

Cytoadherence=erythrocytes are
prone to stick to blood vessel walls due to membrane changes.
• Obstructed circulation in organs, including brain (cerebral malaria).=coma

Biology- parasites (8 decks)

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