W7 - Chapter 12 (Keywords) - DN Flashcards
acculturation
- the process an individuals thoughts, behaviours, values, identity & worldview develop in relation to
- general thinking, behaviour, customs, & values of a particular cultural group
p.436-439
acquiescent response style
- agreeable responding to whatever is presented
also referred to as acquiescence
p.405
Big Five
OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
p.420
Compare The Big Five to Cattell’s Five
**BIG 5 ** **CATTELL’S 5 **
Openness Tough-Mindedness / Receptivity
Conscientiousness Low Self-Control / High Self Control
Extraversion Intraversion / Extraversion
Agreeableness Independence /Accommodation
Neuroticism Low Anxiety / High Anxiety
p.420
control group
in test development
- by means of empirical criterion keying
- a group of randomly selected testtakers who do not necessarily have the shared characteristic of the standardization sample
p.424
criterion
- standard against which a test or test score is evaluated
p. 421
criterion group
- a reference group of testtakers
- share characteristics
- response serve as a standard by which items will be included or discarded from final version of scale
- shared characteristic varies as a function of nature & scope of the test being developed
p.421-423
empirical criterion keying
- process of using criterion groups to develop test items
- the scoring/keying of items has been empirically proven to differentiate among groups of testtakers
p.421
error of central tendency
- raters tendency to rate at or near the midpoint of a scale
- resulting in less than accurate ratings
p.403
forced-choice format
- an item format
- used in personality tests
- testtaker must select an item from two or more items
- each of the two or more items have been proven to be equal in social desirability
p.412
frame of reference
- in the context of item format
- aspects of the focus of the item
- e.g., time frame - past, present or future
p.411
generosity error
- rater’s tendency to be lenient or insufficiently critical
- results in less than accurate rating
also known as leniency error
p.205, 403
graphology
- handwriting analysis for the purpose of deriving insights into personality
p. 410
halo effect
- a type of rating error
- rater views the object of rating with extreme favour
- inflates ratings
- resulting in rater’s tendency to be positively disposed & insufficiently critical
p.206, 403
identity
* a set of cognitive & behavioural characteristics
- define an individual as member of a particular group
- defines individual’s sense of self
p.438
idiographic approach
- approach to personality assessment
- involves efforts to learn about individual’s unique constellation of personality traits
- with no attempt to characterise each person according to any particular set of traits
contrast with nomothetic approach
p.414
impression management
- In self-report personality testing
- ‘faking good’
- ‘faking bad’
- attempting to manipulate other’s impressions by
- selective exposure of information
- suppression of other information
p.405
instrumental values
- guiding principles
- in obtaining some objective
- e.g., honesty & ambition
contrast with terminal values
p.438
leniency error
- rater’s tendency to be lenient or insufficiently critical
- results in less than accurate rating
also known as generosity error
p.205, 403
locus of control
- the self-perceived source of what happens to oneself
p. 408
nomothetic approach
- approach to assessment
- involves efforts to learn how a limited number of personality traits can be applied to all people
contrast with ideographic approach
p.414
personality
- an individuals unique constellation of psychological traits & states
including aspects of
- values
- interests
- attitudes
- worldview
- acculturation
- sense of personal identity
- sense of humour
- cognitive & behavioural styles
- & related charcteristics
p.394
personality assessment
measurement & evaluation of
- psychological traits
- states
- values
- interests
- attitudes
- worldview
- acculturation
- personal identity
- sense of humour
- cognitive & behavioural styles
- &/or related individual characteristics
personality profile
- description, graph, or table representing an individuals
- particular pattern of traits and states
p.398
personality trait
- distinguishable
- relatively enduring
- ways one individual varies from another
p.394-396
personality type
- constellation of traits & states
- similar in pattern to one already identified within a taxonomy of personalities
p.396-398
profile
- results from administration of tools of assessment
- a narrative, description, graph or table of
- the extent an individual has demonstrated certain targeted characteristics
p.398
profile analysis
- interpretation of patterns of scores on a test or test battery
- used to generate diagnostic hypotheses
p.398n1
profiler
- an occupation associated with law enforcement
- creates psychological profiles of crime suspects
- aids law enforcement to capture the profiled suspect
p.398n1
Q-sort technique
- an assessment technique
- task is to sort a group of statements
- usually in perceived rank order
- most descriptive to least descriptive
- may be sorted to reflect various perspectives or points of view
p.411-413
response style
- tendency to respond in some characteristic manner regardless of content
p. 405-406
self-concept
- one’s attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and related thoughts about oneself
p. 401
self-concept differentiation
- the degree an individual has different self-concepts in different roles
p. 401
self-concept measure
- instrument
- yields info about how an individual sees him or herself
- with regard to psychological variables
- interpreted in relation to how others see themselves on the same variables
p.401
self-report
- assessee provides personal information in forms i.e.,
- questionnaire
- diary
- reporting on self monitored thoughts/behaviours
p. 44, 400-402
semantic differential
- an item format
- bipolar adjectives
- separated by 7-point rating scale
- respondents select point between them to indicate response
p.412, 606
severity error
- rater’s tendency to be overly critical
- resulting in less than accurate rating
contrast with generosity error
p.205, 403
state
dynamic, changing exhibition of a trait
p.118, 398
structured interview
- questions posed from a guide
- little if any leway to deviate permitted
p.410
terminal values
- guiding principles or objectives which are endpoint focussed
- e.g., “a comfortable life”
p.438
Type A personality
- personality type charcterised by
- competitiveness
- haste
- restlessness
- impatience
- feelings of being time-pressured
- need for achievement
- need for dominance
- from Friedman & Rosenman’s typology
p.397
Type B personality
- personality type charcterised by
- opposite traits to Type A
- e.g., mellow, laid back
p.397
validity scale
- a subscale of a test
- designed to assess testtaker’s honesty
- detect
- response styles
- carelessness
- deliberate efforts to deceive
- unintentional misunderstanding
p.406
values
- that which an individual prizes
- ideals believed in
p.436
Welsh code
- shorthand summary of scores
- on MMPI clinical & validity scales
p.427
worldview
- unique way people interpret & make sense of their perceptions in light of
- learning experiences
- cultural background and
- related variables
p.439
