W7 - Chapter 12 (Keywords) - DN Flashcards
1
Q
acculturation
A
- the process an individuals thoughts, behaviours, values, identity & worldview develop in relation to
- general thinking, behaviour, customs, & values of a particular cultural group
p.436-439
2
Q
acquiescent response style
A
- agreeable responding to whatever is presented
also referred to as acquiescence
p.405
3
Q
Big Five
A
OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
p.420
4
Q
Compare The Big Five to Cattell’s Five
A
**BIG 5 ** **CATTELL’S 5 **
Openness Tough-Mindedness / Receptivity
Conscientiousness Low Self-Control / High Self Control
Extraversion Intraversion / Extraversion
Agreeableness Independence /Accommodation
Neuroticism Low Anxiety / High Anxiety
p.420
5
Q
control group
A
in test development
- by means of empirical criterion keying
- a group of randomly selected testtakers who do not necessarily have the shared characteristic of the standardization sample
p.424
6
Q
criterion
A
- standard against which a test or test score is evaluated
p. 421
7
Q
criterion group
A
- a reference group of testtakers
- share characteristics
- response serve as a standard by which items will be included or discarded from final version of scale
- shared characteristic varies as a function of nature & scope of the test being developed
p.421-423
8
Q
empirical criterion keying
A
- process of using criterion groups to develop test items
- the scoring/keying of items has been empirically proven to differentiate among groups of testtakers
p.421
9
Q
error of central tendency
A
- raters tendency to rate at or near the midpoint of a scale
- resulting in less than accurate ratings
p.403
10
Q
forced-choice format
A
- an item format
- used in personality tests
- testtaker must select an item from two or more items
- each of the two or more items have been proven to be equal in social desirability
p.412
11
Q
frame of reference
A
- in the context of item format
- aspects of the focus of the item
- e.g., time frame - past, present or future
p.411
12
Q
generosity error
A
- rater’s tendency to be lenient or insufficiently critical
- results in less than accurate rating
also known as leniency error
p.205, 403
13
Q
graphology
A
- handwriting analysis for the purpose of deriving insights into personality
p. 410
14
Q
halo effect
A
- a type of rating error
- rater views the object of rating with extreme favour
- inflates ratings
- resulting in rater’s tendency to be positively disposed & insufficiently critical
p.206, 403
15
Q
identity
A
* a set of cognitive & behavioural characteristics
- define an individual as member of a particular group
- defines individual’s sense of self
p.438
16
Q
idiographic approach
A
- approach to personality assessment
- involves efforts to learn about individual’s unique constellation of personality traits
- with no attempt to characterise each person according to any particular set of traits
contrast with nomothetic approach
p.414
17
Q
impression management
A
- In self-report personality testing
- ‘faking good’
- ‘faking bad’
- attempting to manipulate other’s impressions by
- selective exposure of information
- suppression of other information
p.405
18
Q
instrumental values
A
- guiding principles
- in obtaining some objective
- e.g., honesty & ambition
contrast with terminal values
p.438
19
Q
leniency error
A
- rater’s tendency to be lenient or insufficiently critical
- results in less than accurate rating
also known as generosity error
p.205, 403
20
Q
locus of control
A
- the self-perceived source of what happens to oneself
p. 408
21
Q
nomothetic approach
A
- approach to assessment
- involves efforts to learn how a limited number of personality traits can be applied to all people
contrast with ideographic approach
p.414
22
Q
personality
A
- an individuals unique constellation of psychological traits & states
including aspects of
- values
- interests
- attitudes
- worldview
- acculturation
- sense of personal identity
- sense of humour
- cognitive & behavioural styles
- & related charcteristics
p.394
23
Q
personality assessment
A
measurement & evaluation of
- psychological traits
- states
- values
- interests
- attitudes
- worldview
- acculturation
- personal identity
- sense of humour
- cognitive & behavioural styles
- &/or related individual characteristics
24
Q
personality profile
A
- description, graph, or table representing an individuals
- particular pattern of traits and states
p.398
25
personality trait
* distinguishable
* relatively enduring
* ways one individual varies from another
p.394-396
26
personality type
* constellation of traits & states
* similar in pattern to one already identified within a taxonomy of personalities
p.396-398
27
profile
* results from administration of tools of assessment
* a narrative, description, graph or table of
* the extent an individual has demonstrated certain **targeted** characteristics
p.398
28
profile analysis
* interpretation of patterns of scores on a test or test battery
* used to generate diagnostic hypotheses
p.398n1
29
profiler
* an occupation associated with law enforcement
* creates psychological profiles of crime suspects
* aids law enforcement to capture the profiled suspect
p.398n1
30
Q-sort technique
* an assessment technique
* task is to sort a group of statements
* usually in perceived rank order
* most descriptive to least descriptive
* may be sorted to reflect various perspectives or points of view
p.411-413
31
response style
* tendency to respond in some characteristic manner regardless of content
p. 405-406
32
self-concept
* one's attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and related thoughts about oneself
p. 401
33
self-concept differentiation
* the degree an individual has different self-concepts in different roles
p. 401
34
self-concept measure
* instrument
* yields info about how an individual sees him or herself
* with regard to psychological variables
* interpreted in relation to how others see themselves on the same variables
p.401
35
self-report
* assessee provides personal information in forms i.e.,
* questionnaire
* diary
* reporting on self monitored thoughts/behaviours
p. 44, 400-402
36
semantic differential
* an item format
* bipolar adjectives
* separated by 7-point rating scale
* respondents select point between them to indicate response
p.412, 606
37
severity error
* rater's tendency to be overly critical
* resulting in less than accurate rating
contrast with g*enerosity error*
p.205, 403
38
state
dynamic, changing exhibition of a trait
p.118, 398
39
structured interview
* questions posed from a guide
* little if any leway to deviate permitted
p.410
40
terminal values
* guiding principles or objectives which are **endpoint focussed**
* e.g., "a comfortable life"
p.438
41
Type A personality
* personality type charcterised by
* competitiveness
* haste
* restlessness
* impatience
* feelings of being time-pressured
* need for achievement
* need for dominance
* from Friedman & Rosenman's typology
p.397
42
Type B personality
* personality type charcterised by
* opposite traits to Type A
* e.g., mellow, laid back
p.397
43
validity scale
* a subscale of a test
* designed to assess testtaker's honesty
* detect
* response styles
* carelessness
* deliberate efforts to deceive
* unintentional misunderstanding
p.406
44
values
* that which an individual prizes
* ideals believed in
p.436
45
Welsh code
* shorthand summary of scores
* on MMPI clinical & validity scales
p.427
46
worldview
* unique way people interpret & make sense of their perceptions in light of
* learning experiences
* cultural background and
* related variables
p.439
