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Human Physiology > W7 - Blood & O2 Transport > Flashcards

W7 - Blood & O2 Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What is referred to as the O2 cascade?

A

Process of reducing O2 tension from the atmosphere down to the cellular level of the mitochondria.

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2
Q

Dalton’s law

A

Total pressure of a mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the ind gases in a mixture.

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3
Q

Calculation for daltons law t

A

Partial pressure = % conc x total pressure of mixture

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4
Q

Henrys law

A

When a mixture of gas is in contact w. a liquid, each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure + solubility UNTIL equilibrium is reached + the gas partial pressures are equal in both locations.

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5
Q

What is solubility in Henrys law?

A

Constant

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6
Q

Ficks law of diffusion

A

Rate of gas transfer is proportional to:

  • Tissue area
  • Diffusion coefficient of the gas
  • Difference in partial pressure of the gas on the 2 sides of the tissue

+ inversely proportional to the thickness

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7
Q

Ficks law of diffusion equation

A

V GAS = A x D x (P1-P2) / T

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8
Q

Ficks law of diffusion equation

What does V GAS represent?

A

Rate of diffusion

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9
Q

Ficks law of diffusion equation

What does A represent?

A

Tissue area

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10
Q

Ficks law of diffusion equation

What does D represent?

A

Diffusion coefficient of gas

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11
Q

Ficks law of diffusion equation

What does P1-P2 represent?

A

Difference in partial pressures

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12
Q

Ficks law of diffusion equation

What does T represent?

A

Tissue thickness

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13
Q

Tailor Ficks law of diffusion equation to the lungs

A

V GAS = A X D X (P(little A) - P(little BL)) / T

Little A = Alveoli
Little BL = Bloodstream

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14
Q

Overview of Artery + Vein anatomy

A

OUTSIDE

Connective tissue

Smooth muscle

Endothelium

INSIDE

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15
Q

Reasons why capillaries are the main site for GE

A

Single cell layer = thin

Microscopic vessels = 7-10 micrometers in diameter

Slower bf in capillary bed = ⬆️ diffusion time

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16
Q

What are the different blood samples that can be taken?

A

Capillary

Venous

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17
Q

Where do you take capillary blood samples from?

A

Fingertip

Ear

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18
Q

Where do you take venous blood samples from?

A

Venipuncture

Cannula

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19
Q

What is needed for a capillary blood collection?

A

Disinfectant

Sterile swabs + gloves

Safety-Lancet

Appropriate sample containers (Microvette, minivette, multiverse)

Plasters

Waste container

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20
Q

At what angle should the capillaries or vessels be kept when taking blood samples?

A

Horizontal or slightly inclined

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21
Q

What must you do with the sample container after being filled with blood?

A

Invert it

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22
Q

How can the blood components be separated?

A

Centrifuging it

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23
Q

List the blood components

Top of test tube to bottom

A

Plasma

Buffy coat

Hematocrit

24
Q

Plasma content

A

91.5% h20

7% proteins

1.5 % other

25
Q

What is found in the Buffy coat?

A

WBC

Platelets

26
Q

Hematocrit content

A

RBC

27
Q

Hematocrit % for females

A

37-47%

28
Q

Hematocrit % for males

A

42-52%

29
Q

Between O2 + CO2 which is less soluble?

A

O2

30
Q

By how many times is co2 MORE SOLUBLE at 37 degrees celsius than O2

A

~22

31
Q

Transport methods for dissolved O2

A

Plasma = ~1%

Hb = ~99%

32
Q

How much O2 per litre of blood is dissolved in the plasma?

A

~3mL

33
Q

Dissolved O2 establishes the pO2 in the blood, what does this then do?

A

Regulates breathing

Determines loading of Hb

34
Q

What factors affect Hb O2 affinity

A

Acidity

pCO2

2,3 Bisphosphoglyceric acid

Temp

35
Q

What happens to the affinity of Hb in ⬆️ acidity

A

⬇️ = O2 unloads

36
Q

What does it mean that the affinity of Hb ⬇️ in ⬆️ acidity?

A

More O2 is delivered to acidic sites

37
Q

What happens to the pCO2 during exercise?

What does this mean for the affinity of Hb?

A

pCO2 = ⬆️

⬇️ affinity of Hb

= The harder the tissue is working = more O2 is released

38
Q

When is 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate formed?

A

During glycolysis

39
Q

How does 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate help unload O2 from Hb?

A

It binds to Hb itself

40
Q

What happens to the affinity of Hb to O2 as temp increases?

What does this mean?

A

Affinity ⬇️

= More O2 delivered in warmer muscles

During hypothermia = more O2 remains bound

41
Q

Where can myoglobin be found?

A

Skeletal + cardiac muscle

42
Q

How many iron atoms does myoglobin have?

A

1

43
Q

Which has a higher affinity? Myoglobin or Hb?

A

Myoglobin

44
Q

What does myoglobin do?

A

Transfers O2 from cell membrane to mit/muscles

45
Q

What is the cytochrome C oxidase?

A

Terminal complex of ETC

46
Q

Where does O2 bind to on cytochrome C oxidase?

A

Hb a3 group

47
Q

Which has a higher affinity? Myoglobin or cytochrome C oxidase?

A

cytochrome C oxidase

48
Q

Who can blood type A+ give blood to and receive blood from?

A

To = A+ and AB+

Receive from = A+, A-, O+ and O-

49
Q

Who can blood type O- give blood to and receive blood from?

A

To = Everyone

From = O-

50
Q

Who can blood type AB+ give blood to and receive blood from?

A

To = AB+

From = Everyone

51
Q

Transport methods for CO2

A

Dissolved CO2 ~7%

Carbamino compounds ~23%

Bicarbonate ions ~70%

52
Q

H2CO3

A

Carbonic acid

53
Q

HCO3-

A

Bicarbonate ions

54
Q

What is the process of the chloride shift?

A

Exchange of bicarbonate + chloride across the membrane of RBCs.

55
Q

What is a hypobaric environment?

A

Env w. low atmospheric pressure

i.e high altitude

56
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Elevated hematocrit %

Human Physiology (16 decks)

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