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Human Physiology > W5 - CV System - Textbook > Flashcards

W5 - CV System - Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 crucial functions does the right side of the heart have?

A

Receives blood from the body

Pumps blood to lungs

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2
Q

What 2 crucial functions does the left side of the heart have?

A

Receives O2 blood from lungs

Pumps blood into aorta for distribution through body in systemic circulation

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3
Q

What % of blood returning to the atria flows directly into the ventricles before the atria contract?

A

~70%

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4
Q

What is it called when there’s a brief interval of rising ventricular tension when the valves remain closed for 0.02 to 0.06s when the heart vol + muscle fibre length remain unchanged?

A

Isovolumetric contraction period

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5
Q

What is a vessel/tubes resistance inversely proportional to?

A

The 4th power of its radius

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6
Q

What in the arterioles controls bf to the capillary beds?

A

Smooth muscle

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7
Q

Calculation for blood pressure

A

CO x total peripheral resistance

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8
Q

What vessels can be found between the arterioles + the capillaries?

A

Metarterioles

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9
Q

What happens in phlebitis

A

Venous wall of varicose veins becomes inflamed + deteriorates.

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10
Q

What can hypertension do when left untreated?

A

Damages arterial vessels

Leading to arteriosclerosis, heart disease, stroke + kidney failure

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11
Q

Does the bp response to PA vary with the activity mode?

A

YES

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12
Q

Where do the right + left coronary arteries emerge from?

A

Upper part of the ascending aorta.

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13
Q

What % of the O2 in the blood in the coronary vessels does the myocardium require?

A

~70%

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14
Q

Why does the myocardium depend on adequate O2 supply?

A

Unlike skeletal muscle, it has limited anaerobic energy generating capacity

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15
Q

What are the chest pains called caused by impaired coronary bf?

A

Angina pectoris

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16
Q

What estimates myocardial workload?

A

The rate-pressure product

^^ calculated by: HR x systolic bp

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17
Q

What provides energy to maintain myocardial function?

A

Metabolism of:

Glucose
FAs
Lactate

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18
Q

What does the % myocardial use of macronutrients for energy vary with?

A

Intensity + duration of PA

Ind training status

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19
Q

What factors regulate HR + the internal diameter of bv?

A

Neurochemical factors

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20
Q

Order of the transmission of the cardiac impulse

A

SAN

Atria

AVN

AV bundle (a.k.a bundle of His)

Purkinje fibres

Ventricles

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21
Q

What type of an electrical charge do the outer surface of myocardial cells have?

A

More +ive than the inside.

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22
Q

What happens upon stimulation prior to contraction of the myocardial cells in relation to the charge of the outside + inside of their cells?

A

Polarity reverses:

Inside becomes more +ive than its outside.

Then in diastole = Membrane depolarise. to reestablish normal resting membrane pot.

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23
Q

Input from the brain + peripheral NS continually bombards the cardiovascular control centre where?

A

In the ventrolateral medulla

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24
Q

What does the cardiovascular control centre in the ventrolateral medulla do?

A

Regulates hearts blood output

+

bloods preferential distribution to tissues.

25
Q

What does stimulation of the sympathetic cardioaccelerator nerves release?

A

Epinephrine + norepinephrine (catecholamines)

26
Q

What do the neurohormones catecholamines do in the sympathetic influence of extrinsic regulation of the HR + circulation ?

A

Accerelerate SAN depolarisation = ⬆️ HR = Chronotopic effect

+

⬆️ myocardial contractility = inotropic effect

27
Q

Neural regulation of the CV system during PA

Activation pre-exercise “anticipatory” response

A

Motor cortex activates central command part of brain = ⬆️ Sympathetic outflow + inhibits parasympathetic activity

28
Q

Neural regulation of the CV system during PA

Activation during exercise

A

Sympathetic stimulation from:

  • Arterial baroreflexes
  • Cardiopulmonary reflexes
  • Exercise pressor reflex

Then continues sympathetic adrenergic outflow w/ epinephrine + norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla

29
Q

Where does the arterial baroreflex come from?

A

Aortic + carotid arterial mechanoreceptors

30
Q

Where does the cardiopulmonary reflex come from?

A

Cardiac mechanoreceptors

31
Q

Where does the exercise pressor reflex come from?

A

Skeletal muscle ergoreceptors

32
Q

What continually modulates medullary activity?

A

Impulses originating in the brains higher somatomotor central command centre.

33
Q

What provides the greatest control over exercise HR?

A

Central command centre

34
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerve endings concentrate?

A

Atria

SAN

AVN

35
Q

Where do the sympathetic fibres supply to?

A

SAN

AVN

Muscle of atria + ventricles

36
Q

Where does the cardiovascular centre receive reflex sensory input (feedback) from?

A

Peripheral receptors in bv, joints + muscles.

37
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the eye?

A

Dilates the pupil

38
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the lungs?

A

Relaxes airways

39
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the heart?

A

Accelerates heart beat

40
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the liver?

A

Stimulates glucose prod + release

41
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the stomach?

A

Inhibits digestion

42
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the adrenal gland?

A

Stimulates secretion of epinephrine + norepinephrine

43
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the eye?

A

Constricts pupil

44
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the lungs ?

A

Constricts airways

45
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the heart?

A

Slows heart beat

46
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the stomach?

A

Stimulates digestion

47
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the pancreas?

A

Stimulates release of insulin + digestive enzymes

48
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the small intestine ?

A

Dilates bv in gut

49
Q

When does the neural command centre above the medullary region initiate CV changes?

A

Immediately before + at movement onset.

50
Q

What does exercise anticipation from higher centres in the brain activate?

A

Sympathetic neurons in the hypothalamus

51
Q

What do efferent sympathetic fibres do to the heart?

A

⬆️ HR

⬆️ myocardial contractility

Dilate coronary arteries

52
Q

What causes the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine?

A

Sympathetic nervous stimulation

53
Q

What does the epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla do?

A

Accelerates SAN discharge

Dilates coronary vessels

⬆️ myocardial metabolism

54
Q

What fibres slow HR + conduction velocity using Acetylcholine at the SAN + AVN

A

Vagus nerve fibres

55
Q

What are the 3 common methods of measurement to assess the CO of a closed circulatory system in humans?

A

Direct fick

Indicator dilution

CO2 rebreathing

56
Q

What 3 physiological mechanisms increase SV during PA?

A
  1. Enhanced cardiac filling in diastole, then a more formal systolic contraction.
  2. Neurohormonal influence involving normal ventricular filling w/ a forceful ejection + emptying during systole
  3. Training adaptations
57
Q

3 physiological mechanisms that increase SV during PA

What comes under training adaptations?

A

⬆️ blood vol

⬇️ resistance

= in peripheral tissues

58
Q

What does Frank-Starlings law of the heart (a.k.a Starlings law) state?

A

W/in physiological limits, the force of contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of the muscle fibre.

Human Physiology (16 decks)

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