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Human Physiology > W10 - The Endocrine System - Textbook > Flashcards

W10 - The Endocrine System - Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Regulates bodily functions to stabilise the body’s internal env.

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2
Q

What type of organ is the hypothalamus?

A

Neuroendocrine organ

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

Host organ (gland)

Chemical messengers (hormones)

Target/receptor organ

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4
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

NO

  • Referred to as ductless glands.
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5
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secrete substances directly into extracellular spaces around the gland.

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6
Q

Do exocrine glands have secretory ducts?

A

YES

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7
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Carry substances directly to a specific compartment or surface.

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8
Q

What controls almost all exocrine glands?

A

Nervous system

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9
Q

What are the 2 categories into which hormones generally fit into?

A

Steroid-derived hormones

Amine and polypeptide hormones synthesised from aa.

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10
Q

Difference in Steroid-derived hormones and Amine and polypeptide hormones synthesised from aa.

A

Amine and polypeptide hormones synthesised from aa are soluble in blood plasma.

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11
Q

What gives a good indication of how long a hormones effect persists?

A

Its half life

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12
Q

What are the 4 ways in which hormones alter cellular reactions of specific “target cells”?

A
  1. Modify rate of intracellular protein syn. by stimulation of nuclear DNA.
  2. Change rate of enzyme activity
  3. Alter plasma membrane transport via 2nd messenger system.
  4. Induce secretory activity
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13
Q

What does a target cells response to a hormone depend on?

A

Presence of specific protein receptors that bing the hormone in a complimentary way.

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14
Q

Where do target cell receptors occur?

A

Either on plasma membrane or in cells interior switch.

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15
Q

To which hormone do all cells contain receptors for?

A

Thyroxine

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16
Q

What does hormone-receptor binding represent?

A

1st step in starting hormone action.

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17
Q

What factors does the extent of a target cells activation by a hormone depend on?

A

Hormone conc in blood

No. of target cell receptors for hormone

Sensitivity or strength of the union between hormone + receptor.

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18
Q

What does the term up-regulation describe?

A

State when target cells form more receptors in response to ⬆️ hormone levels to ⬆️ the hormones effect.

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19
Q

What can prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations do?

A

Can desensitise target cells to blunt hormonal stimulation.

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20
Q

What does the term down-regulation describe?

A

A loss of receptors to prevent target cells from over responding to chronically high hormone levels to ⬇️ the hormones effect.

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21
Q

What does the binding of a hormone w/ its specific receptor in the plasma membrane do?

A

Alters the target cells permeability to a chemical

= i.e insulins effect on cellular glucose uptake.

OR

Modifies the target cells ability to manufacture intracellular substances, primarily proteins.

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22
Q

In what 3 ways can a hormone increase enzyme activity?

A

Stimulating its production

Combining w. the enzyme to alter its shape = ability to act = ALLOSTERIC MODULATION

Activates inactive enzyme forms to ⬆️ the total amount of active enzyme.

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23
Q

What factors determine plasma concentration of a particular hormone?

A

Quantity synthesised in host gland

Rate of catabolism or secretion into blood

Quantity of transport proteins present

Plasma vol changes

24
Q

What are the 3 types of endocrine gland stimulation?

A

Hormonal stimulation

Humoral stimulation

Neural stimulation

25
Q

What is meant by humoral stimulation?

A

When hormone release is stimulated by changing levels of ions + nutrients in body fluids.

26
Q

What is meant by a diurnal pattern of secretion?

A

Release of hormones at regular intervals during a 24hr/weekly cycle.

27
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland often called?

A

Master gland

28
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

Anterior pituitary activity.

29
Q

What are the 3 ways in adults in which the growth hormone facilitates protein synthesis?

A

⬆️ aa transport through plasma membrane

Stimulating RNA formation

Activating cellular ribosomes that ⬆️ protein synthesis

30
Q

As well as facilitating protein synthesis, what else does the growth hormone (GH) do?

A

Slows CHO breakdown

Initiates subsequent mobilisation + use of FAT as an energy source.

31
Q

Prolactin (PRL) initiates + supports milk secretion from the mammary glands.

With what kind of activity do its levels increase and how quickly do they return to baseline?

A

⬆️ at high intensity

Return to baseline w/in 45mins of recovery.

32
Q

What might repeated exercise-induced PRL release do?

A

May:

Inhibit function of the ovaries.

Contribute to menstrual cycle alterations when training intensely.

33
Q

When can greater ⬆️ in Prolactin (PRL) release occur in women?

A

Those who run w.out undergarment support

Those who fast or consume a high fat diet.

34
Q

Function of the gonadotropic hormones

A

Stimulate M + F sex organs to grow + secrete their hormones at a faster rate.

35
Q

What are the 2 gonadotropic hormones?

A

FSH

LH

36
Q

Function of FSH

A

Initiates follicle growth in ovaries

Stimulates ovaries to secrete oestrogen

37
Q

Function of LH

A

Complements FSH in causing oestrogen secretion

Causes rupture of follicle = allowing ovum to pass through Fallopian tube for fertilisation.

38
Q

What does FSH do in Males?

A

Stimulates germinal epithelium growth in testes to promote sperm development.

39
Q

What does LH do in Males?

A

Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone.

40
Q

Function of thyroid hormones

A

Provide essential stimulation for normal growth + development, especially of nervous tissue.

41
Q

When can the actions of thyroid hormones becomes most noticeable?

A

In those who suffer from hyper secretion or hypo secretion.

42
Q

What is the term for hyper secretion of thyroid hormones

A

Hyperthyroidism

43
Q

What 4 effects are there to hyperthyroidism

A

⬆️ O2 consumption + metabolic heat prod at rest.

⬆️ protein catabolism = muscle weakness = weight loss

Heightened reflex activity + psych disturbances i.e insomnia

Tachycardia

44
Q

What is the term for hypo secretion of thyroid hormones

A

Hypothyroidism

45
Q

What 4 effects are there to hypothyroidism

A

⬇️ metabolic rate + internal heat prod = ⬇️cold intolerance

⬇️ protein synthesis = brittle nails, thinning hair + dry skin

Depressed reflex activity, slow speech + though processing

Bradycardia

46
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) control?

A

Blood calcium balance

47
Q

What does PTH release cause?

A

Activation of osteoclasts to digest bone matrix to release Ca2+ + phosphate ions into blood.

⬆️ Ca2+ reabsorption + ⬇️ retention of phosphate by kidneys

⬆️ Ca2+ absorption by intestinal mucosa

48
Q

What does plasma calcium ion homeostasis modulate?

A

Nerve impulse conduction

Muscle contration

Blood clotting

49
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Catecholamines

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

50
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Known as the adrenocortical hormones

A

Mineralocorticoids

Glucocorticoids

Androgens

51
Q

List the mineralocorticoids the adrenal cortex secretes

A

Aldosterone

Corticosterone

Deoxycorticosterone

52
Q

What factors does teenage hypertensions relate to?

A

⬇️ salt sensitivity

⬆️ sodium intake

⬇️ sensitivity to insulin

53
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

Condition in which obesity, high bp, high blood glucose + dyslipidemia clusters together in 1 person.

54
Q

What are the main organs affected by untreated metabolic syndrome?

A

Brain

Heart

Pancreas

55
Q

How can metabolic syndrome be treated?

A

Weight loss

⬆️ PA

Eat a heart healthy diet = sat fat, cholesterol + salt intake

56
Q

In which hormones do trained people have elevated response to during PA?

A

ACTH

Cortisol

Human Physiology (16 decks)

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