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Human Physiology > W10 - The Endocrine System > Flashcards

W10 - The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What manufactures specific hormones?

A

Specialised epithelial secretory cells

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2
Q

What are the different ways in which hormones can communicate?

A

Endocrine

Autocrine

Paracrine

Juxtacrine

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3
Q

What do hormones ultimately do?

A

Reg cell function

Metabolism

Homeostasis via their effects on enzyme

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4
Q

What are the 2 main categories of hormones?

A

Steroid

Non-steroid

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5
Q

What are the lipid soluble steroid hormone synthesised from?

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

How do the steroid hormones circulate in the blood?

A

Bound to a carrier protein i.e albumin

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7
Q

What are the steroid hormones bound to binding proteins called?

A

Inactive

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8
Q

How do steroid hormones transport/function?

A

Diff into cell

Specific receptor located in cytoplasm or nucleus,

Hormone-receptor complex activates gene expression

Protein synthesis is induced

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9
Q

Are non-steroid hormones water or fat soluble?

A

Water

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10
Q

Can non-steroid hormones diffuse across cell membranes?

A

NO

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11
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones

A

Glucocorticoids

Aldosterone

Sex hormones

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12
Q

What happens in a -ive feedback loop?

A

Stimulus activates endocrine gland.

Gland secretes hormone

Target cells respond to hormone - reducing original stimulus

Switches off further hormone prod by gland

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13
Q

What is the pituitary gland often termed?

A

Master regulator

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14
Q

How is the pituitary gland divided?

A

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe

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15
Q

What are the lobes of the pituitary gland under direct control from?

A

Hypothalamic hormones

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16
Q

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland stores hormones made by what and release into where?

A

Made by hypothalamic neurones

Releases into circulation

17
Q

Where does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland receive hormones via?

A

Via vessels

= Stimulating further hormone release by pituitary.

18
Q

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary lobe secrete?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

19
Q

What is oxytocin responsible for?

A

Uterus contraction

Milk ejection during lactation

20
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin (derivative of serotonin)

  • Released in rhythmic fashion
21
Q

What is the pineal gland suppressed by?

A

Light

= Most active at night.

22
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Modulates sleep patterns in circadian rhythms.

23
Q

What 2 hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Thryoxine

Triiodthyronine

24
Q

What is the thyroid gland involved in?

A

Tissue development

Macronutrient metabolism

25
Q

What does the parathyroid gland produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

26
Q

What are the dual functions of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine function

Endocrine function

27
Q

What are the endocrine parts of the pancreas called?

A

Islets of Langerhans

28
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in the pancreas?

A

Alpha cells

Beta cells

Delta cells

F cells

29
Q

What is the primary role of the endocrine pancreas?

A

Reg blood glucose levels

30
Q

What cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

31
Q

What cells in the pancreas secrete insulin?

A

Beta cells

32
Q

What does each adrenal gland consist of?

A

Outer adrenal cortex

Inner adrenal medulla

33
Q

What are the 3 main endocrine dysfunctions?

A

Abnormal hormone receptor function/levels

Altered intracellular response to hormone-receptor complex

Hyper/hypo secretion of hormones by glands

34
Q

What can stimulate GLUT4 recruitment to the cell surface?

A

Insulin + exercise

35
Q

What does diabetes mellitus type 1 result from?

A

Bodys failure to produce insulin

Onset typically in early childhood

36
Q

What does diabetes mellitus type 2 result from?

A

Insulin resistance - cells fail to use insulin properly

Onset typically in adulthood

37
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)

What % of what must be destroyed for hyperglycaemia to occur?

A

80-90% of beta cells

38
Q

How is glucose supply during exercise maintained?

A

Mobilisation of glucose from liver glycogen stores

Mobilisation of FFA from adipose tissue

Gluconeogenesis from aa, LA + glycerol.

Human Physiology (16 decks)

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