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Personality and Individual differences > W6 - Personality disorders > Flashcards

W6 - Personality disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three causes of personality disorders?

A
  1. genetic and heritability influences
  2. developmental and childhood experiences
  3. biological influences - neuropsychlogy
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2
Q

General heritability of PD?

A

Cluster A = 37%
Cluster B = 60%
Cluster C = 62%
All = 60%

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3
Q

Familial risk and BPD?

A

SKOGLUND et al 2019
- total population study
- risk was less associated with unaffected relatives
increased for MZ twins
Over all heritability of 46% therefore the environment also plays a part

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4
Q

In what the ways can the environment influence personality disorders?

A

Childhood factors - parenting types:

  • low level of affection
  • lack of nurturing
  • emotional and sexual abuse
  • negative childhood experience
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5
Q

Bio factors: Cluster A

  • Siever and Davis 1991
A

Higher levels of domaine leads -> cognitive/perceptual issues lead to cluster A PDs

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6
Q

Bio factors: Cluster B

A

lower level of serotonin -> impulsivity and aggression issues lead to cluster B PDs

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7
Q

Bio factors: Cluster C

A

Lower level of dopamine and higher levels of serotonin -> cause anxiety and inhibition which leads to Cluster C PDs

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8
Q

Bio factors: BPD

A

Noradrenergic-cholinergic -> cause affect regulation issues which cause BPD

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9
Q

What is dialectical behaviour therapy?

A 
LINEHAN 1993 - BPD 
- problem solving and acceptance of the experience of the moment 
stages:
- pretreatment 
- stage 1 stabilising stage 
- stage 2 - processing traumatic events 
- stage 3 - developing a sense of self 
- schema focused theory
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10
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for personalty disorders?

A
  • pattern of behaviours that deviate from the normal
  • enduring, inflexible, pervasive
  • ## stable over time; track back to early childhood
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11
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the healthy self?

A
  1. identity - unique individual with stable boundaries
  2. self-direction - meaningful goals, appreciation of social norms and how to interact with others
  3. Positive interpersonal relationships
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12
Q

How does the five factor model relate to PD?

A

SAULSAN & PAGE 2004

  • Neuroticism is related to all PDs
  • Extraversion is related to histrionic/avoidant PD
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13
Q

What are the 3 PD in cluster A?

A
  1. Schizotypal
  2. Schizoid
  3. Paranoid
    - all are defined as odd or eccentric PDs
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14
Q

What is Schizotypal PD?

A
  • extreme discomfort and reduced tendency for close relationships
  • odd beliefs
  • unusual perceptual experiences
  • odd thinking/speech
  • general social anxiety
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15
Q

How do cluster A pd link to schizophrenia?

A
  • beloved to be on the same spectrum as schizophrenia but less extreme/severe
  • those related to someone with SZ are more likely to have Cluster A PDs
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16
Q

What is the paranoid PD?

A
  • extremely distressed and suspicious of people
  • feelings often do not reflect reality
  • hypersensitive to what other people say
  • reluctant to confide in others
17
Q

What are the 4 types of Cluster B PDs?

A
  • Antisocial PD
  • Borderline PD
  • Histrionic PD
  • Narcissistic PD
  • Defined by being dramatic, emotional or erratic PD
18
Q

What is Borderline PD?

A
  • Intense unstable relationships
  • fear of abandonment
  • feelings of emptiness or worthlessness
  • impulsive behaviours
  • paranoid and delusions
  • mood instability
  • self harm
19
Q

What are the causes of BPD?

A
  • abuse
  • insecure attachment
  • having an impulsivity trait
  • reduced volume in emotional and decision making areas of the brain? - Soloff et al 2012
20
Q

What is Narcissistic PD?

A
  • inflated self importance
  • fantasies about now success
  • seeks admiration from others and quite demanding of this
  • lacks empathy and the ability to identify needs of others
  • envious
21
Q

Cluster C disorders?

A
  • Obsessive compulsive PD
  • Avoidant PD
  • Dependent PD
  • defined by being anxious and fearful
22
Q

What is Obsessive compulsive PD?

A
  • overly concerned with details, organisation and rules
  • level of perfectionism that interferes with completion of tasks
  • extremely dedicated to work - work life over social life
  • inflexible and over-conscientious about moral issues
  • difficulty working with others
23
Q

What is dependent PD?

A
  • need for others to take care of them
  • difficulty making decisions without advice from others
  • lack self confidence
  • relationship seeking
24
Q

What is clarification orientated psychotherapy?

A

Aims of therapy: identify the dysfunctional schemas and the process of modifying the schemas
- helps to make the client behave more consecutively in their daily lives
BUT there are high drop out rates due to lack of motivation to complete the therapy

Personality and Individual differences (11 decks)

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