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Sports Nutrition > W6 - Ergogenic Aids - Nitrate > Flashcards

W6 - Ergogenic Aids - Nitrate Flashcards

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Sports Trivia flashcards
1
Q

Via what pathway is nitric oxide synthesised in the body?

A

L-arginine pathway

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2
Q

What does the L-arginine pathway require?

A

Arginine

O2

NADPH

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3
Q

What does the L-arginine pathway produce?

A

NADP

Citrulline

NO

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4
Q

What are the 3 forms of NOS?

A

NOS1 / nNos

NOS2 / iNOS

NOS3 / eNOS

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5
Q

When NO is produced in the CV system…

How does it enter the smooth muscle of the bv?

A

Diffuses from endothelial cell to the smooth muscle of the bv.

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6
Q

When NO is produced in the CV system…

What happens once NO has entered the smooth muscle of the bv?

A

Activates sGC

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7
Q

When NO is produced in the CV system…

What is the result of sGC being activated by the NO?

A

Incr cGMP

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8
Q

When NO is produced in the CV system…

What is the result of the activated sGC increases cGMP?

A

Activation of protein kinase (PKG)

  • Results in decr Ca2+ via at least 4 mechanisms
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9
Q

When NO is produced in the CV system…

What are the 4 mechanisms by which ca2+ is decreased after PKG is activated?

A

Inhibition of voltage gated channels

Activation of plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA)

Inhibition of IP3R

Activation of SERCA

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10
Q

When NO is produced in the CV system…

NO activates sGC.

= Incr cGMP

= Activates PKG

= Decr Ca2+ via 4 mechanisms

What do all these mechanisms result in?

A

Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells.

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11
Q

Process of digestion for dietary nitrate

A

Ingested

Absorbed into systemic circulation

Conc in saliva where oral bacteria can prod nitrite.

Nitrite is swallowed –> Stomach to be converted to NO + support host defence OR nitrite can be absorbed into systemic circulation again + who needed can be converted to NO.

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12
Q

Dietary nitrate supplementation and low intensity exercise

A

Red the O2 cost

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13
Q

Dietary nitrate supplementation and high intensity exercise

A

Enhances tolerance

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14
Q

Nitrate supplementation and time to exhaustion

A

Increased ~16%

  • BUT not an ecologically valid measure of exercise performance.
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15
Q

Nitrate supplementation and rowing performance

A

NO sig improvement according to a meta-analysis

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16
Q

Beetroot juice ingestion and 10km TT performance

A

Incr power output

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17
Q

Nitrate supplementation and CWR bouts

A

O2 uptake is reduced

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18
Q

Nitrate supplementation and intermittent type exercise

A

Might have beneficial perf effects

19
Q

When is the L-arginine -NO pathway blunted?

A

During hypoxia

20
Q

Why would improved reaction time in the 2nd half of an intermittent sports game be beneficial?

A

Allows 1 to react quickly to changing stimuli

21
Q

Nitrate supplementation and marathon

A

There are benefits

22
Q

NO metabolism and menstrual cycle

A

It is known to be differences in its metabolism throughout the menstrual cycle

23
Q

What is the minimal effective acute dose that may be required to gain an advantage from nitrate in a mixed population?

A

5mmol

24
Q

VO2 during 75W clamped protocol and nitrate supplementation

A

Sig altered

25
Q

When is the change after supplementing dietary nitrates more pronounced, when you start with a higher or lower aerobic fitness?

A

Lower

26
Q

Why might elite endurance athletes have a reduced effect from nitrate?

A

Higher NOS activity

Higher baseline plasma [nitrite]

Better muscle oxygenation therefore L-arginine NO pathways always active due to amounts of O2 present.

Higher mit vol + efficiency

Nitrate dose + duration of supplementation may not be optimised for them

Higher proportion of type 1 fibres which may not be as responsive to nitrate supplementation

27
Q

What seems to be a deciding factor of the lack of ergogenic effect from nitrate supplementation in athletes?

A

Aerobic capacity

28
Q

Which type of athletes seem to experience ergogenic effects from nitrate supplementation?

A

Power + sprint

29
Q

What is the most ecologically valid performance measure of endurance performance in sport?

A

TT

30
Q

65+ ml/kg/min does not have a significant overall effect for nitrate supplementation + performance.

True or false

A

True

31
Q

With regards to nitrate supplementation…

As aerobic capacity increases, what happens to TT performance improvements?

A

Decrease

32
Q

What is meant by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency?

A

Amount of O2 consumed per ATP prod

33
Q

Which type of muscle fibre seems to be affected the most by nitrate supplementation?

A

Type 2

34
Q

What is believed to increase with nitrate supplementation?

A

Ca2+ sensitivity

SR Ca2+ pumping

35
Q

What was the surname of the first author to show nitrate lowers VO2 during submaximal exercise?

A

Larsen

36
Q

What effect does nitrate supplementation have on high intensity time to exhaustion?

A

Increases time to exhaustion

37
Q

When considering the meta-analysis, which of the following does not have a significant improvement in performance with nitrate supplementation?

Running

Cycling

Handgrip

Rowing

A

Rowing

38
Q

Which nitric oxide metabolism pathways is blunted during hypoxia?

A

Nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway

39
Q

In the meta-analysis, which aerobic capacity does not have a significant overall effect for nitrate supplementation and performance?

A

65+ ml/kg/min

40
Q

Which of the following do we believe increases with nitrate supplementation?

Calcium sensitivity

Calcium concentration

Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release

Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pumping

A

Calcium sensitivity

Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pumping

41
Q

What enzymes is vital for the L-arginine pathway?

A

Nitric oxide synthase

42
Q

What can oral bacteria do to NO3- from the diet?

A

Convert it to NO2-

43
Q

What happens to the nO2-

A

To the stomach,

Some enters systemic circulation

Some converted to NO.

44
Q

What happens to O2 uptake after nitrate supplementation for CWR bouts?

A

Decreases

Sports Nutrition (14 decks)

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