W5 Flashcards
What is the memory model?
According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), memory is a multistore model.
Input → Sensory Memory → Working/Short-term Memory → Output OR → Long-Term Memory → Output
What is sensory memory/register?
Sensory information enters the cognitive system and is passed onto working memory. Lasts up to 1 second in vision, and up to 5 seconds in audition (hearing).
What is Blaser and Kaldy’s (2010) study? (STAR)
Studied infant sensory memory. Infants saw a display of stars, and researchers measured how long they fixated on a reappearing star after delay.
What were the results of Blaser and Kaldy’s (2010) study? (STAR)
Visual sensory storage is adult-like at 6 months. Infants remember up to 5 objects, but accuracy decreases with more objects.
What is working memory?
A mental processing unit where information is stored temporarily. Lasts up to 30 seconds. Capacity: 7±2 items.
What is Kaldy and Leslie’s (2005) study? (OBJECT OCCLUSION)
Studied working memory span in infants using a looking-time violation of expectation task. Infants looked longer when a different object was revealed after occlusion (shape change condition) than when same object was shown (no change condition)
What is Kaldy and Leslie’s (2005) results? (OBJECT OCCLUSION)
infants can store at least one object in working memory. They detect change when a different object is shown- so this suggests they remember the original.
What did follow-up experiments (TWO-OBJECT OCCLUSION) to Kaldy and Leslie’s (2005) study show?
Infants react to shape changes only when both objects are revealed.
Working memory capacity in infancy is ONE object.
How does working memory span develop?
Infants’ memory capacity increases with age:
- 12 months: Remember up to 3 hidden objects
- 14 months: Use chunking, remember up to 6 objects
What is long-term memory?
Memory with unlimited capacity and duration.
What are the types of long-term memory?
Explicit (conscious recollection OF FACTS AND EXPERIENCE) → Facts, phone numbers
Implicit (unconscious performance/AUTOMATIC SKILLS) → Riding a bike
Semantic → Knowledge AND FACTS
Episodic → Memory for PERSONAL events
What is implicit memory?
Ability to recognize stimuli and events as familiar without conscious awareness.
What is Rovee-Collier et al. (1980) study? (MOBILE)
Infants were trained to move a mobile by kicking their feet and tested later to see if they remembered.
What were the results of Rovee-Collier et al. (1980) study? (MOBILE)
Infant memory retained for 2-8 days. Forgotten specifics but accessible when reminded after 14-28 days.
What is episodic memory?
Ability to remember events.
How does episodic memory work for toddlers?
Studied using deferred or elicited imitation.
(MODEL EVENT FOR A CHILD, TEST IMMEDIATE RECALL) By 2 years, children can recall ordered sequences of events.
Episodic memory and novelity..
With novel event sequences e.g one study infants built a gong #praise CHINA found 20 month olds had 100% accuracy recalling for 3 months..
What is early childhood amnesia?
Inability to recall autobiographical memories before 2.5 years.
What are the theories explaining early childhood amnesia?
- Memory format change hypothesis: Early memories become inaccessible.
- Neural change hypothesis: Immature brain can’t preserve memories.
- Cueing hypothesis: Memories exist but need specific cues.
What are memory strategies?
Explicit techniques that help people remember, like external and internal strategies.
What is rehearsal?
Repeating information to be remembered. Transfers info from working to long-term memory.
What rehearsal strategy do children use?
Spontaneous rehearsal strategy use increases with age.
5 years 10%
7 years 65%
10 years 80%
Better recall linked to more rehearsal…
What is organisation in memory?
Structuring information using categories or hierarchies to aid recall.
What organisation strategy do children use?
Spontaneous organisation! Where we group RELATED items.
Use increases with age.
7 year olds 10% of the time
10 year olds 60% of the time
What is metamemory?
Understanding how memory works.
How does metamory change overtime for children?
Children’s metamemory improves with age. 4-year-olds inaccurately predict memory ability; 8-year-olds are more accurate.
What are ecologically valid contexts in memory research?
Contexts where memory is tested in natural settings rather than artificial recall tasks.
When do children start using memory strategies in different contexts?
Classical tasks: Rehearsal and organization strategies emerge around 5-7 years.
Ecologically valid tasks: Nonverbal strategies like pointing and fixating on locations appear by 3 years (Wellman, Ritter, & Flavell, 1975).
How does metamemory development influence memory strategy use?
Between 4-8 years, as children develop metamemory, they use more effective memory strategies like rehearsal and organization.
