W4 L8 Flashcards
Moderator influences direction or strength, like age on treatment efcts. Answer WHO!
And mediators.
Explains rela. Between two other variables. It is the WHY!
Child abuse mediates ses/conduct problems,
So we have soxial causation and the opposite social selection hypothesis. Nurture vs nature.
Hard to tease apart but, one study did using a casino stiped!
The results? Costello et al.
What mediates this?
Before: poverty groups have higher rates.
Ex-poor group shows significant drop in disruptive Behaviour symptoms, look like never poor group! Consistant with social causation, remove poor, remove problem.
And now…
What mediates this?
Increases parental supervision! Only one.
Income-> more parent supervision (mediator) -> decrease behaviour problem.
Prevalence of cd
Gender difference, more males.
But converges in teens. Girls come up in covert behaviour.
Early onset persistent. Start young,
More likely served in males 10:1
Adolescent-limited
2:1
More overt physical agression in boys across lifespan.
Agression in girls
Relational agression more common, covert. Gossip, rumors, collateral.
Not clear that girls do this more than boys though!
So girls or less physically aggressive, but equLly relational aggressive.
Males are just more overt, gets noticed at earlier age.
Developmental course of cd
Infants: difficukt temperament fussy irritable,
Not predictive of cd or odd. Unable to test reliably.
Preschool: two diagnostic challenges:
Cd symptoms impossible for young children. Like skip school.
Must be adapted to younger age group. Chronic rule violation and dire gare for others wants and needs.
Verbal agression, physical agression extreme, lying, destructive behaviour etc.
also
Some non-compliance is normative: terrible twos after all.
75% show agression and tantrum. Also symptoms of odd.
Distinguishing typical is hard. Hitting siblings happens but all comes to q of
SEVERITY
Flexibility: can grown up redirect them, can if normative.
Expectable:
Pervasiveness: limited contexts is normative.
Early onset life course consistant pathway for cd
At, least on sy room before age 10
10:1 males.
50% persists onto adulthood.
Late onset apthway happens in adolescence and prevalence is like 1-2:1
Less extreme and less violent,
Less likely to persist into adulthood.
Note on SNARES, behaviour put on problematic path. Change dev traj.
Cd odd are dsm diagnosis.
Aggressive behaviour is a type of behaviour
Disruptive behaviour is a category,
Parenting, operant conditioning,
Shape rates of behaviour through consequences.
Think of operant condition.
Administer or remove a positive stimulus.
Remove net. Is an extinction.
Reinforcers are Personal, unique to each child. Esp. Age.
Changes in times and place.
Coercion I theory.
Cycle of negative interactions. Delay and escape strategies by the child. Chores, homework etc. all due to positive reinforcement by child and negative reinforcement to parent.
Explodes, and punish child. Child punish. Adult, adult give in. And negative reinforce child.
Extreme parenting behaviours like chood maltreatment are
Risk factor for antisocial behaviour.
Risk much greater earlier it. Happens.
50% of boys increased risk.
But.
Must boys do not develop antisocial behaviour.
Vulnerability conditional based on geneti factors?
(Diathesis stress model)
MAOA enzyme
Low MAOA linked to agression,
Low MAOA and experience of abuse leads to antisocial behaviour.
MAOA moderates, associTion between abuse and subsequent antisocial behaviour.
Confirmed in longitudinal male heavy now Zealand study.
Few drop outs.
Representative general population sample. In depth info of child abuse. 8% have used more than 1 indicator of maltreatment.
28% probable mal. Having only 1 indicator.
Used multiple informants.
Caspi study MAOA and cmalt
Maltreatment does lead to anti behaviour.
No main effect of MAOA. .
But there is an interaction.
AssocIton stronger, low MAOA group means maltreatment leads to antisocial behaviour.
Cognition and leRning
Social information processing model.
Steps for situation to action
Biases at any stage may lead to more aggressive behaviour.
Encoding: little known perception
Interpretation: hostile attribution bias.
Response search: generate fewer response. More aggressive, less pro social
: decision: outcome explain ies (consequences) inverse of “common sense” in aggressive kids.
Self efficacy, don’t think they can do proximal behaviour, do think can be aggressive. Aggressive mindset.
Enacyment/ little known. But hard for thr to do prodovial actions.
Dev. Of cd
Comes from parents:
Mothers of aggressive boys also show hostile attribution bias. Support the behaviour.
Peers too. Due to social circle I guess.
Summary
Genetics, and env. Leading to antisocial behaviour.
Early onset pathway, more likely genetic.
Strong correlation between parenting and aggressive behavio.
Cognitive and learning factors.
Maintains problem over time. Bias entrenched.
Parenting and env imp too.
