W3L1 - Core Knowledge Theories Flashcards
What is the difference between eye gazes of 1 mo vs 3 mo and what does it mean
1 mo: Look everywhere
3 mo: Focus on eyes (Convey emotions)
What is the sound for fetus and newborns
Fetuses:
- Hear/Learn sounds during the last two months of pregnancy
- Recognise mother’s voice at birth
Newborns:
- Cannot hear soft sounds as well as adults
- Fairly good at determining the location of a sound
What are the 4 piaget stages and brief description
Sensorimotor (0-2): Senses and Actions
Pre-Operational (2-7): Symbols and Mental Images
Concrete Operation (7-12): Logical thinking and categories
Formal Operational (>12): Hypothetical thinking and Scientific Reasoning
What are the 3 tasks/properties in Pre-Operational Stage
Three Mountain Task
Egocentric-ism
Conservatism
What is the three mountain task
> Ask to choose picture of doll sitting across the table would see
Most children below age 6 choose the picture showing how the scene looks to them,
Difficult to separate own perspective from others
(ToM)
What is egocentricism
Focusing on own perspective
What is conservatism
Below age 7:
- Taller liquid column has more liquid
- Longer sausage has more clay
- Longer row has more objects
How many sub-stages are there in sensorimotor stage and give a time
6 sub-stages Substage 1: 0-1 mo Substage 2: 1-4mo Substage 3: 4-8mo Substage 4: 8-12mo Substage 5: 12-18mo Substage 6: 18-24mo
Substage 1
0-1mo:
Modify reflexes
Centered on own body
Substage 2
1-4mo
Organize reflexes
Integrate actions
Substage 3
4-8mo
Repetition of actions resulting in pleasurable or interesting results
Object Permanence
Substage 4
8-12mo
Begin searching for hidden objects (memory representation)
Fragile mental representations
A-Not-B Error
Substage 5
12-18mo
Active exploration of potential use of objects
Substage 6
18-24mo
Enduring mental representations
What is object permanency, What is it indexed by. When is it mastered.
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
Indexed by infant search behaviours (SIMPLE HIDING PROBLEM)
0-5 months:
- Toy placed under a towel as the baby watches
- Infants no active search (Object no longer exist)
Mastered between 6 and 9 months
What is A-not-B error. What is it indexed by. When is it mastered.
Changed Hiding Place
8-12 months:
- Toy placed under tower A and baby retrieves it
- Toy hidden under towel B, next to the first, in plain view of the child
- Despite having watched the object disappear under the new napkin, the baby reaches under the original napkin
Mastered between 10 and 12 months
What is invisible displacement.
12-18 months:
- Infant watch hand close around toy and hide from view
- Closed hands move under napkin to deposit toy
- Hand brought to view, Infant look under hand, not napkin.
Mastered by 18 months
What does Object Permanence, A-not-B, and invisible displacement suggest
All suggest development of mental representation
What are pros of Piaget
- ) Good overview of children’s thinking at different points
- ) Broad spectrum of development and ages
- ) Fascinating observations
What are cons of Piaget
- ) Stage model depicts children’s thinking as more consistent than it is
- ) Infants and young children are more cognitively competent than Piaget recognised
- ) Vague about the cognitive processes that results to thinking / mechanism that produce cognitive growth»_space;> no light on information processing accounts of developmental change.
What are core knowledge theories
Children are born with many specialized (not only general) learning abilities (v.s. Piaget’s general model)
What is possible vs impossible events
Tests of object permanence (3.5 months)
- ) Habituated young infants to the sight of a screen rotating through 180 degrees.
2a. ) POSSIBLE: the screen rotated up, occluding the box, and stopped when it reached the top of the box
2b. ) IMPOSSIBLE: the screen rotated up, occluding the box, but then continued on through 180 degrees
> Infants looked longer at the impossible event, showing they mentally represented the presence of the invisible box.
What is observational learning in the possible vs impossible events
Knowing the number of things
Objects in case + 1 more = 2
Possible: 2
Impossible: 1
What are core knowledge theory systems
- ) Domain Specific (each system represent only a small subset of the things)
- ) Task specific (each system functions to solve a limited set of problems)
- ) Encapsulated (each system operates with a fair degree of independence from other cognitive systems; e.g. 1 for object, space number)
