W2: CNS, Meninges, Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

What forms the Neural Plate

Answer 1

Notochord inducing the ectoderm to thicken in the dorsal midline.

Question 2

Neural Folds

Answer 2

Edges of the neural plate that fold toward each other.

Question 3

Neural Tube

Answer 3

Created when the neural folds meet dorsally.

Question 4

Ventricle

Answer 4

Central cavity of the neural tube.

Question 5

What are the 3 zones that compose the neural tube?

Answer 5

1) Ventricular Zone
2) Intermediate Zone
3) Marginal Zone

Question 6

Ventricular Zone of neural tube

Answer 6

Site where mitosis occurs.

Question 7

Intermediate Zone of neural tube

Answer 7

Where postmitotic cells form gray matter.

Question 8

Marginal Zone of neural tube

Answer 8

Location of axonal pathways that will form future white matter.

Question 9

Dorsal Root Ganglion

Answer 9

Derived from the neural crest

Question 10

Primary Brain Vesicles

Answer 10

1) Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
2) Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
3) Hindbrain (Phombencephalon)

Question 11

Secondary Brain Vesicles

Answer 11

1) Telencephalon
2) Diencephalon
3) Midbrain - Mesencephalon
4) Pons/Cerebellum - Metencephalon
5) Medulla - Myelencephalon

Question 12

Adult Brain Structures

Answer 12

1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephalon (Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
3) Midbrain (Brainstem)
4) Pons (Brainstem)
5) Cerebellum
6) Medulla (Brainstem)
7) Spinal Cord

Question 13

Adult Neural Canal Regions

Answer 13

1) Lateral ventricles
2) Third ventricle
3) Cerebral aqeuduct
4) Fourth ventricle
5) Central Canal

Question 14

encephalon

Answer 14

“related to the brain”

Question 15

What adult brain structures does the Prosencephalon grow into?

Answer 15

1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephalon (Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
3) Laterval Ventricle
4) Third Ventricle

Question 16

What adult brain structures does the Mesencephalon grow into?

Answer 16

1) Midbrain

2) Cerebral aqueduct

Question 17

What adult brain structures does the Phombencephalon grow into?

Answer 17

1) Pons
2) Cerebellum
3) Medulla
4) Fourth Ventricle

Question 18

Meninges

Answer 18

Location:
 3 connective tissue membranes that surround the outside of the CNS.
Made of: 
3 layers of connective tissue 
1) Dura Mater 
2) Arachnoid Mater 
3) Pia Mater
Function: 
1) cover & protect CNS
2) contain blood vessels for the CNS
3) acts as veins and drains cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Question 19

Dura Mater

Answer 19

“Tough Mother”
Location: Outer most layer of the meninges
Made of: dense fibrous connective tissue
Function: protective covering around CNS

Question 20

Arachnoid Mater

Answer 20

“Spider Mother”
Location: Just deep to the dura mater. Creates the subdural space and the subarachnoid space
Made of: fine and elastic tissue and large blood vessels.
Function: Protect the CNS.

Question 21

Pia Mater

Answer 21

“Small mother”
Location: inner most layer of meninges attached directly to the surface of the brain.
Made of: delicate connective tissue richly vascularized with fine blood vessels.
Function: Anchor for meninges and protective layer around CNS.

Question 22

Ventricles

Answer 22

Line the inside of the CNS

Question 23

Ventricular System

Answer 23

Location: inside lining of CNS
Made of: a series of canals (lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle central canal of spinal cord)
Function: To drain CSF from the brain.

Question 24

Flow of CSF in CNS

Answer 24

Fluid made by choroid plexus
Lateral ventricle > interaventricular foramen > 3rd ventricle > cerebral aqueduct > 4th ventricle > subarachnoid/arachnoid villi/superior sagittal sinus…

Question 25

CSF

Answer 25

Cerebral Spinal Fluid Location:produced in the choroid plexus running along the meninges in the lateral, 3rd, and 4th ventricles Made of: filtered blood plasma Function: forms liquid cushion/support around the brain within skull.

Question 26

Hydrocephalus

Answer 26

Increased intracranial pressure caused by blockage in the ventricular system.

Question 27

How many functional layers are there in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 27

6 Layers of Gray Matter

Question 28

Where are pyramidal neurons located in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 28

layers III & V

Question 29

Where are the interneurons located in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 29

layers II, IV, & VI

Question 30

Where do efferent neurons (pyramidal neurons) in the cerebral cortex project to?

Answer 30

1) Spinal cord (Corticospinal) 2) Brainstem (Corticobulbar) 3) Other side of the cortex (Corticocortical)

Question 31

What are the afferent axon projections to the cerebral cortex?

Answer 31

1) from the other cortical structures 2) from the thalamus 3) from the basal forebrain nuclei

Question 32

Functions of the Frontal Lobe:

Answer 32

1) Prefrontal/primary/secondary (premotor) motor cortex | 2) Broca's area - speech

Question 33

Functions of the Parietal Lobe:

Answer 33

1) Primary/secondary somatosensory areas | 2) Wernicke's area - speech

Question 34

Functions of the Occipital Lobe:

Answer 34

1) Primary/secondary visual processing

Question 35

Functions of the Temporal Lobe:

Answer 35

1) Primary/secondary auditory processing | 2) Rest of Wernicke's area

Question 36

What structures make up the motor cortex?

Answer 36

1) Corticospinal Tract | 2) Motor homunculus

Question 37

Corticospinal Tract

Answer 37

Location: Made of: Function:

Question 38

Motor homunculus

Answer 38

Representation of body parts, where parts are represented in corresponding parts of the brain. Size corresponds to number of neurons.

Question 39

Somatotopy

Answer 39

representation of parts of the body in corresponding parts of the brain

Question 40

What structures make up the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 40

1) somatic sense | 2) sensory homunculus

Question 41

Somatic senses

Answer 41

Pain, touch, temperature, pressure, vibration and proprioception

Question 42

Visual Cortex

Answer 42

1) primary visual cortex around calcraine fissure | 2) Secondary visual cortex is an integrative area

Question 43

Auditory Cortex

Answer 43

1) Wernicke's area = receptive speech | 2) Broca's area = expressive speech area

Question 44

Cerebral Cortical Connections

Answer 44

1) Projection Axons 2) Commissural Axons 3) Association Axons

Question 45

Which cerebral cortical connections are corticocortical projections?

Answer 45

1) Commissural axons | 2) Association axons