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@PhySci 107 > W1: Fundamentals of Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

W1: Fundamentals of Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The command center consisting of the brain and spinal cord. It receives sensory signals, interprets them, and dictates motor responses.

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nervous system outside of the CNS. Consists of nerves extending outside of the brain and spinal column.

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3
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

Have axons that carry information toward the CNS.

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4
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Have axons that carry information away from the CNS.

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5
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons that connect to other neurons within the same general area (i.e. spinal cord)

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6
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons

A

(Voluntary) innervation to skeletal muscle.

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7
Q

Somatic Sensory Neurons

A

CNS > Skeletal muscles. Touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, proprioception from skin, body wall, and limbs. Special: Hearing, equilibrium, hearing.

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8
Q

Visceral Motor Neurons

A

(Involuntary - ANS) Innervation to smooth & cardiac muscle and glands.

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9
Q

Visceral Sensory Neurons

A

CNS > Smooth, cardiac muscles and glands. Stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, irritation of viscera, nausea and hunger. Special: Taste and smell.

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10
Q

General Characteristics of a Neuron:

A
  1. excitable cells
  2. do NOT divide after birth, but some neurogenesis from adult stem cells.
  3. Normally live a long life
  4. High metabolic rate - require large amounts of glucose and oxygen.
  5. Have 2 types of processes (dendrites/receivers & axons/senders)
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11
Q

Proprioception

A

Sensing one’s own body.

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12
Q

What structures make up the soma/cell body?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Nucleus/nucleolus
  3. Nissl bodies/rough ER
  4. Golgi Apparatus
  5. Neurofilaments
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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Intermediate filaments that provide structural integrity. They receive synapic contact from other neurons. Types: Multipolar & bipolar.

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14
Q

Dendritic Spines

A

Enlarge the surface area of the plasma membrane

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15
Q

Axon

A

Cell signaling between neurons.

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16
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Where the axon tappers from the cell body; site where action potentials are generated. (Decision Maker)

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17
Q

Axonal Neurotubules

A

Parallel arrays of processes that help axon retain shape.

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18
Q

Axon Collateral

A

Sideways branches off of an axon.

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19
Q

Axonal Transport

A
  1. Anterograde

2. Retrograde

20
Q

Anterograde Axonal Transport

A

Tracer: Phaseolus vulgaris (Phal), Biotinylated DextranAmine (BDA), Triated Amino Acids (H^3 amino acids)
Injection of tracer into CNS and taken up by cell bodies then transported down the axon. Tracer accumulates in axon terminals labeling terminal boutons. Tells you which regions of the CNS receive neuron projections.

21
Q

Retrograde Axonal Transport

A

Tracer: Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)
Injection of tracer into the CNS and taken up by terminals and transported back to the cell body. This labels which cell bodies that project to the area of of your injection site.

22
Q

Types of Synapses:

A
  1. Axosomatic synapses
  2. Axoaxonic synapses (axon-axon)
  3. Axodendritic synapses
23
Q

Where do synapses occur?

A

Between an axon terminal and a postsynaptic structure.

24
Q

What are the primary structures of an axon terminal?

A
  1. Presynaptic terminal
  2. Synaptic Cleft
  3. Postsynaptic terminal
25
Q

Information flow in neurons…

A

is ALWAYS in one direction.

26
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitter causes:

A

target neuron to depolarize and fire.

27
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter causes:

A

target neuron to hyperpolarize and NOT fire.

28
Q

What postsynaptic elements can axon terminals form synapses with?

A
  1. axosomatic
  2. axodendritic/axospinous
  3. axoaxonic
29
Q

How do you identify the different types of synapses?

A

Electronmicroscope

30
Q

What is the neurotranmitter for any neuromuscular junction?

A

acetylcholine

31
Q

Characteristics of glial/supporting cells and how they differ from neurons:

A
  1. Can divide throughout life
  2. Have only one type of process (rather than two)
  3. Each type of glia has specific functions that support neurons.
  4. Smaller in size and have darker staining nuclei.
  5. Different kinds of glia in CNS and PNS.
32
Q

Types of Glial/Supporting cells in the CNS:

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendroglia
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal Cells
33
Q

Astrocyte

A

“Star”

  • Glia
  • Cause tumors in the brain
  • They control the environment surrounding the neuron by metabolizing and recylcing neurotransmitters.
  • Release growth factors
  • Promote neural survival
34
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

“Few”

  • Myelin generating glia
  • Degradation causes MS
  • They line axons and wrap think axons to form myelin in CNS
  • Speed up action potentials (insulators)
  • Can degrade over lifetime
  • Can wrap many axons at once
35
Q

Microglia

A

“Small”

  • Glia
  • Immune system cell in CNS
  • Act as phagocytes by removing debris
  • hard to find in healthy brains but divide and multiply quickly in sick brains
36
Q

Ependymal Cell

A
  • NOT glia
  • Found in only one place = lining of neural tube
  • Divide CNS and fluid of ventricular tissue
37
Q

Supporting cells of the PNS

A
  1. Schwann Cells
  2. Nodes of Ravier
  3. Myelin from Schwann cells
38
Q

Schwann Cell

A
  • Myelin generating glia
  • increase speed of action potentials
  • surround large axons 6-10 times with lipoprotein
39
Q

Node of Ranvier

A
  • Space of exposed axon between myelin

- current jumps between nodes to increase action potential speed

40
Q

Features of a nerve:

A
  1. Axons
  2. Myelin Sheaths
  3. Fascicle
  4. Blood vessels
41
Q

What types of nerves are considered peripheral nerves?

A
  1. Collection of axons traveling together
  2. Motor, sensory, and mixed nerves
  3. Nerve fascicles covered in layers of connective tissue
42
Q

Golgi Stain

A
  • Inconsistent
  • Best way to show full neuron
  • Works well to study neurons in development but not on myelinated cells
  • Soak in potassium dichromate then silver nitrate
  • Good for comparative, classification, and developmental studies
43
Q

Nissl Stain

A

-Basic stain that differentiates gray matter easily
-High pH stain; attracted to nucleic acids of nucleus and rough ER.
-

44
Q

Immunocytochemistry

A

Anatomical technique used to characterize the presence of chemicals in cells.
-The rate limiting synthesizing enzyme indicates the appropriate neurotransmitter made by a cell.

45
Q

ChAT

A

Choline acetyltransferase

=the sunthesizing enzyme

46
Q

Acetylcholine

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter at both CNS synapses and neuromuscular junctions.

47
Q

Acetyl Cholinesterase

A

enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.

@PhySci 107 (8 decks)

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