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Psych 100B > W13 Cognitive Development > Flashcards

W13 Cognitive Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a concept?

A

The mental representation we form of categories

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2
Q

What is a fuzzy category?

A

A fuzzy category is one that has unclear boundaries that can shift over time.

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2
Q

How are categories formed?

A

First it must be clear on how it is classified.
Second those features must be jointly sufficient for membership.

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2
Q

What is the most typical member of a category called?

A

A category prototype.

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2
Q

What is the source of typicality?

A

A) have the features that are frequent in the category.
B) Do not have features frequent in other categories.

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2
Q

What is a basic level of categorization?

A

Basic level of categorization is the simplest way of classifying.

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2
Q

What is the category hierarchy?

A

Superordinate, basic and subordinate.

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3
Q

What is prototype theory?

A

People have a summary representation of the category, a mental description meant to apply to the category.

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4
Q

What is exemplar theory?

A

A theory that means you have an example of something in a category, which you compare to identifies where others stand.

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5
Q

What is the knowledge approach?

A

The knowledge approach is comparing prior knowledge to similar concepts.

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5
Q

Psychological essentialism

A

The belief that members of a category have an unseen property that causes them to be in the category and to have the properties associated with it.

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5
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

Cognitive development refers to the improvement of thinking.

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5
Q

What are the different theories of cognitive development?

A

Sociocultural theories, information processing theories, Piaget’s theory

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5
Q

What are sociocultural theories?

A

Emphasizes how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture influence children’s development.

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5
Q

What is Piaget’s theory?

A

Theory that development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.

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5
Q

What is information processing theories?

A

Theories that focus on describing the cognitive processes that underlie thinking at one age and cognitive growth over time.

6
Q

Outline the stages of Piaget’s theory

A

Sensorimotor stage: Infants learning through their environment and perception.
Preoperational stage: Children engage in language development but struggle with logical reasoning.
Concrete operational stage: Elementary-age children begin to understand concrete concepts and improve problem-solving abilities.
Formal operational stage: Adolescents and adults develop abstract thinking.

6
Q

How does nature and nurture work together to produce cognitive development?

A

Interactions and attention and care.
Interactions: Children’s genes mean different treatment from other people.

Attention and care: more attractiveness and easygoingness mean more care.

7
Q

What is discontinuous development?

A

Discontinuous development is when learning happens in distinct stages and changes will happen following the stages. This involves qualitative changes

8
Q

What is phonemic awareness and give an example

A

Awareness of component sound within words. Teaching these skills lead to better readers years later. For example, Mathematical board games like chutes and ladders given to children improve mathematical knowledge.

8
Q

What is continuous development?

A

Continuous development is when learning gradually unfolds over time. This involves quantitative changes (gradual, incremental change)

8
Q

What is autism?

A

Autism is defined by profound difficulties in social interactions and communication combined with repetitive or restricted interests, cognitions and behaviors.

9
Q

What is the social brain?

A

Activated during social interactions.

10
Q

What are symptoms of autism?

A

Difficulties in social functioning like eye contact, and complex behaviors like navigating the give and take of a group conversation for individuals of all functioning levels.

11
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

The amygdala helps us to recognize the emotional states of others and to experience and regulate our own emotions.

11
Q

What does the social brain consist of?

A

Amygdala, the orbital frontal cortex (OFC), fusiform gyrus (FG) and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) region.

12
Q

What is the function of the OFC?

A

The OFC supports the ‘reward’ feelings we have when we are around other people.

13
Q

What is the function of the FG?

A

The FG detects faces and supports facial recognition.

14
Q

What is the function of the posterior STS region?

A

The posterior STS region recognizes biological motions like eye, hand and other body movements, and helps us to interpret and predict the actions and intentions of others.

15
Q

What are some brain measuring devices?

A

fMRI and ERP

16
Q

Functions of the fMRI and ERP

A

fMRI provides information about where brain activity occurs (excellent spatial), ERP specifies when brain activity occurs (excellent temporal)

17
Q

How early are the signs of autism prevalent?

A

Autistic children tend to show decreased attention and decreased recognition to faces because of decreased activity in the FG.

Psych 100B (12 decks)

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