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Principles of CN Proper > W1: What is Cognitive Neuroscience? = Intro & Origins of CN > Flashcards

W1: What is Cognitive Neuroscience? = Intro & Origins of CN Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroscience techniques can be divided according to whether they

A

measure or manipulate brain function

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2
Q

When using a measurement technique the researcher causes the

A

participant to engage in a behaviour (e.g., looking at images on screen, reharsing speech) and then measures changes in brain response

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3
Q

Examples of neuroscience measurement techniques (4)

A
  1. EEG
  2. MEG
  3. PET
  4. fMRI
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4
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

electroencephalogram

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5
Q

What does MEG stand for?

A

Magnetoencephalography

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6
Q

What does PET stand for?

A

Positron emission tomography

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7
Q

Information about the brain comes mostly from

A

neuroscience measurement techniques

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8
Q

Data that comes from neuroscience measurement techniques (e.g., EEG, MEG, PET) are usually correlational meaning….

A

The pattern of behaviour usually covary with brain activity

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9
Q

Neuroscience measurement techniques does not show

A

causation

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10
Q

What are neuroscience manipulation technqiues?

A

manipulate/disrupt/perturbate brain function (directly or indirectly) and then measures the effect on behavior

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11
Q

Examples of neuroscience manipulation techniques (3)

A
  1. Lesions
  2. TMS
  3. Stimulation
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12
Q

What does TMS stand for?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

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13
Q

Neuroscience manipulation techniques demonstrates causation between

A

pattern of behaviour and brain activity

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14
Q

The logic of lesion research methodologies was if area A is damaged and function B is affected/no longer occurs then…

A

egion A must be responsible for function B.

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15
Q

In the 19th century, researchers didn’t have the same fancy technology and advanced medical knowledge we have today to study the brain. The only approach they could take to study the brain was to observe cases in which

A

the brain part(s) was damaged due to an accident or disease. - lesions

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16
Q

Disadvantages of lesion studies (3)

A
  • Have to wait for someone to have lesion in the specific area
  • Not precise as lesions occur anywhere and not obey boundaries of brain organisation as you would like to as scientist
  • Can’t control certain aspects of a lesioning case study such as sampling methods (you can’t pick who gets a traumatic brain injury (TBI), and who doesn’t). This can lead to unreliable results that can’t be applied to the whole population.
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17
Q

Stimulation studies (2) are..

A
  • Less common
  • Usually done with paitents engaging in pre Seizure (Epilsely) Suregrey
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18
Q

Diagram of measurement and manipulation techniques

A
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19
Q

The ideas between link between mind and brain can be linked back to

A

philsophers in Anicent Greece

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20
Q

Aristole and Hippocrates came up with two very different philosophical views on

A

link between mind and brain

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21
Q

Aristotle proposed that (5)

A
  • all intellectual functions are produced by a persons soul/mind
  • He thought that the soul (or mind) was separate from the body.
  • However, mind is first present in the heart
  • Follows the Anicent Egyptians view as heart as seat of intelligence
  • Pleasure, pain and all sensations originate in the heart
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22
Q

Aristotle thought the mind resided in the heart but it was not

A

part of heart –> separate thing

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23
Q

Why did Aristotle think mind/soul resided in the heart? (3)

A
  1. Heart is the first organ to develop in embryo
  2. Heart is centrally located in the body
  3. People often survive injury to the head but rarely injury to the heart
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24
Q

Aristotle thought the brain’s function was to

A

Acts as a raditator to cool down blood

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25
Q

Hippocrates challenged Aristotle’s view and suggested that (2)

A

all mental processes are a function of the brain!
E.g., pleasure, joy, sorrow, grief arise from the brain

26
Q

Dualism view between mind and brain is outlined by

A

Descartes (17th century) - French philsopher and mathematician

27
Q

Descartes Hyraulic fluid movement theory

Descarates was aware of many mechanical inventions happening during the Renaissance period (e.g., calculator, watch) and thought (2)

A

brain might control the body in a similar way
i.e., brain was like a machine

28
Q

In Descartes hydraulic fluid movement theory he puts forward that

A

nerves are filled with “animal spirits” that carry motor and sensory information to the ventricles of the brain much in the same way that hydraulic fluid travels through machines.

29
Q

Despite Descartes belief in his hydraulic fluid movement theory explains brain function and behaviour in animals, (2)

A

he concludes that it can not account for some of the higher mental faculties found in man such as intellect and emotion.

Instead, he argues for a dualistic system

30
Q

Descartes mind-body dualism proposes that (4)

A

organ of the brain is distinguished from the immaterial “mind.”

In his view, it is the mind, not the brain, which contains a person’s thoughts and desires or “soul.”

Mind and body are made of 2 different substances

He also concludes that the pineal gland (pine nut) acting as a valve controls the flow of information to the body or mind.

31
Q

Dualism Explanation of Individual Pointing at an Arrow (8)

A
  1. Visual info from the arrow projects through the eyes
  2. The eye gets the image of the arrow
  3. This visual info goes to the pineal gland
  4. The pineal gland relays the info to the immaterial mind (fluffly cloud in diagram)
  5. Mind interprets this sensory info and recognises there is an arrow
  6. Mind then decides the best thing would be to point at an arrow
  7. A message (POINT TO ARROW) is sent from mind back to pineal gland in brain
  8. Pineal gland relays this info to muscles in arm to point to arrow via fluid travelling down the nerves and filling up muscles to flex arm
32
Q

Why did Descarte thought the pineal gland was important? (2)

A
  • Most structures in the brain comes in 2
  • The pineal gland is the only structure of the brain that is not duplicated
33
Q

Problems with Descarte’s Dualism (4)

A
  1. Pineal gland (PG)is not an essential region for cognitive process and area important in sleep/awake cycles - sheep have big pineal gland and not known for intellectual function
  2. In 400 years, no one was able to propose a theory of how the PG transmit info to the mind and back
  3. Nerves don’t communicate by sending fluid
  4. How does a non-material mind (with no mass) interacts with a material body(brain does have mass) (defies laws of physics)
34
Q

Legacy of Descartes (6)

A
  • Terms like “I have lost of mind” dates back to Descarte’s dualism
  • Young children and mentally insane have a disconnect between the mind , brain and body since they fail to reason appropriately and have disturbances in behaviour
  • Animals had a brain that controlled their behaviour but had no mind (soul) for higher level cognitive thought
  • Implication of this is that people who had mental illness (lost their mind) were equivalent to animals and treated the same way
  • Led to poor treatment of those with mental illness over the years and put in lunatic asyumls
  • But led to discoverieis between the mind and behaviour
35
Q

Jean Charcot studied people who “lost their mind” and found they had

A

damage to specific regions of brain which explaining particular deficits in behaviour

36
Q

many prominent neuropsychologists trained under Charcot in these lunatic asylums including

A

Sigmund Freud and Paul Broca, William James, Santiago Ramon y Cajal.

37
Q

There is a support for the link between the brain and behaviour and brain alone is involved in behaviour is that is evident following (2)

A

lesions or damage to the heart

(e.g., Broca’s paitent Tan, Wernicke, Phineas Gage) (1800-1900)

38
Q

Broca discovered a patient with
The patient was called …. because… (2)

A

damage in the left frontal region of the brain

The person was called Tan because that was the only word that he could say

39
Q

Broca’s Tan patient had a lesion that

A

affected language (aphasia – a term established by Freud), but more specifically the ability to produce language (or speech).

40
Q

Broca’s patient Tan could still be able to

A

understand language.

41
Q

What is aphasia? (2)

A

a language disorder caused by damage in a specific area of the brain that controls language expression and comprehension.

Aphasia leaves a person unable to communicate effectively with others.

42
Q

Wernicke found a different patient who had

This damage caused the person to unable to (2)

A

a different region in the left brain (in left hemisphere near temporal lobe)
understand language.

43
Q

Diagram of Broca and Wernicke’s area

A

Both in left hemisphere

44
Q

The case of Phinease Gage who had
It shows that.. (2)

A

damage to the frontal part of the brain in a construction accident

shows that complex behaviour such as a person’s personality is also a function of the brain.

45
Q

What happened to Phinease Gage’s personality? (2)

A

Phinease Gage was in temperance society = no swearing , no drinking before the damage

After damage, he drank and swore a lot

46
Q

Phinease Gage’s doctor (John Harlow) makes references to dualism

A

Link between his intellectual facultiies (mind) and animal properensities is in disequilibrium

47
Q

The discovery of the microscope (Hooke), the microtome (Guddens) and the development of stains to show neurons lead to

A

the next development in understanding the brain.

48
Q

With discovery of microscope and microtime and development of stains, we are able for the first time to see

A

structure of the brain

49
Q

Problem with developing stainings for the brain and its challenge (3)

A

The brain appears to be densely packed with nerve cells or neurons
If you stain all of the neurons, you can;t see a thing its a black mess
Challenge was to find a stain that stained a percentage of the neurons in the brain

50
Q

*

Before he began psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud developed a (2)

A

good stain for neurons, which he published in the journal Brain,

but it turned out not to be very reliable or as good as someone else’s stain

51
Q

Camillo Golgi developed a more reliable stain (than Sigmund) that allowed only a

A

proportion (1:20) of neurons to be visible

52
Q

Diagram of Camilo Golgi Images of Staining

A
53
Q

Camilo Golgi interpreted this image as

A

as showing that neurons were all interconnected tubes supporting the distributed theory = not distinct entites

54
Q

Whats a microtome?

A

an instrument for cutting extremely thin sections of material for examination under a microscope.

55
Q

However, Cajal noticed there was bumps

He correctly suggested…

He also suggested that axons ….. and dendrities… (3)

A

noticed bumps at the end of axons (synapses).

He (correctly) suggested that the cells (or neurons) were distinct entities – the neuron doctrine.

Also suggested that axons send information and dendrites receive information

56
Q

What happened after Cajal’s conclusion - (2)

A

Sherrington used the term synapse to describe the junction between neurons.

Proof came with the electron microscope 50 years later.

57
Q

Brodmann took a look at the organization of neurons in different parts of the brain and found that

Brodman condluced that… (2)

A

they varied in their arrangement or architecture

concluded that because the organization or cyto(cell) architechture was different then the function was also different.

58
Q

Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) produces ​
detailed drawings and descriptions, uses (2)

A

Golgi’s technique to suggest the brain is not a continuous web, but made up of individual units, connected by cable-like
structures.

This is major step towards the neuron doctrine.

59
Q

What is neuron doctrine?

A

nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells, the neurons,

60
Q

Diagram of Brodman areas

A

Principles of CN Proper (19 decks)

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