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Principles of CN Proper > W1: What is Cognitive Neuroscience: Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience Methods > Flashcards

W1: What is Cognitive Neuroscience: Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience Methods Flashcards

1
Q

During the emergence of techniques to measure brain activity, behaviourism was the

A

dominant psychological approach.

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2
Q

Behaviourists tried to explain behaviour using only stimulus and response avoiding any reference to the

A

underlying mental states, because mental states could not be defined independently.

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3
Q

Cognitive scientists on the other hand (as compared to behaviourists) try to explain behaviour based on models

A

of mental states.

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4
Q

Methods in cognitive neuroscience allow scientists to measure

A

mental states directly

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5
Q
  • Behaviorists did not deny the existence of internal mental states but argued that
A

mental states are inappropriate topics for scientific study

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6
Q

Behaviourism Ignoring complex mental states made experiments more controlled but reduced the scope of

A

psychology by excluding the study of cognitive functions other than learning.

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7
Q

The emergence of cognitive neuroscience began with the development of techniques

A

to measure brain activity.

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8
Q

to measure brain activity.

A

electrophysiological recording

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9
Q

The most popular modern use of electrophysical recording is been

A

single-neuron electrical recording

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10
Q

single-neuron electrical recording entails

A

measuring Aps produced by individual neurons

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11
Q

Single-neuron recordings can record neuronal firing either …. OR…. - (2)

A

extracellularly (from extracellular space next to active neurons) or

intracellularly (from inside a single neuron)

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12
Q
  • Recently, most electrophysiological experiments have been focused on studies in
A

awake behaving animals performing tasks, typically after extended periods of training

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13
Q
  • In the past, extracellular and intracellular recordings were performed on
A

anesthetised animals which prevented experiments on cognitive functions that relied on animals to execute behaviours e.g., reacting or perceiving stimuli.

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14
Q

There are two useful approaches where single-unit data can be acquired and analysed - (2)

A
  • peristimulus time histogram (PSTH)
  • Tuning curve
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15
Q

Single-neuron recordings have the activity from individual neurons is acquired in the form of peristimulus histograms, in which - (2)

A

the number of action potentials that occur after stimulus onset is determined over many trials.

This provides the response to one stimulus.

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16
Q

Data from neuron in visual cortex where monkey moves eyes to visual stimulus and trained to press lever for reward PSTH

A
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17
Q

In each plot, each row corresponds to a single trial and displays a tick for each

A

for each recorded AP following a single presentation of the stimulus

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18
Q

The responses of single neuron’s APs in monkey’s visual cortex are summed vertically across the trials aligned in time with stimulus onset (i.e., time-locked) yielding a

A

peristimulus time histogram of responses of stimulation (bottom)

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19
Q

PSTH allows the activity of neurons to be

A

linked to stimulus processing and demands of task being performed.

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20
Q

The response to many stimuli shows what type of stimulus the neuron

A

is sensitive to.

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21
Q

Can do single-neuron recordings in human if they are

A

going to suregrey

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22
Q

There are neurons from single-neuron recordings that

A

respond specifically to Jennifer Anderson

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23
Q

A way to study human brain activity that is linked with cognitive processes is done through

A

electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings

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24
Q

EEG utilises a set of surface electrodes , ranging in numbers from a few to as

A

many as 256

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25
Q

EEG surface electrodes are usually embedded in a elastic cap fitted over

A

the scalp shown below:

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26
Q
  • The electrodes are brought into electrical contact with the skin via
A

conducting gel or salt paste and pressure from the elasticity of the cap

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27
Q

There is also a reference electrode in EEG which provides a

A

a constant defined potential

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28
Q

The invasive nature of single neuron recordings is that

A

it is restricted to animals or humans undergoing surgery.

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29
Q

EEG or MEG provide non-invasive methods to record

A

electrical activity from the brain

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30
Q

Unlike single neuron recordings, the activity in EEG and MEG is based on

A

the activity of many active neurons.

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31
Q

The signal in EEG and MEG is based on the

A

flow of electrical charge along the dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex.

32
Q
  • The dendritic trees of the larger cortical neurons are generally oriented
A

perpendicularly to the cortical surface.

33
Q

ERPs are based on

A

averaging the response from a single EEG electrode across many trials

34
Q

ERPs are small voltage fluctuations in

A

an ongoing EEG which is triggered by sensory and cognitive events

35
Q

An ERP is revealed by extracting

A

portions, or epochs, of the ongoing EEG time-locked to repeated occurrences of a sensory, cognitive, or motor event and averaging the epochs together.

36
Q
  • Visual ERP comprises a series of
A

negative and positive peaks that are named according to electrical polarity (N for negative, P for positive) and their latency (delay)

37
Q
  • An advantage of the EEG/ERP technique is that it has good temporal resolution: it - (3)
A

takes readings every millisecond, meaning it can record the brain’s activity in real time as opposed to looking at a passive brain.

Thus especially useful for studies when timing and sequence of functional brain activity is particularly important,

ERPs can indicate how early attention can exert an influence on processing of sensory input

38
Q

Contour maps of ERP/EEG activity can be made to show the

The patterns can be used to infer (2)

A

spatial and temporal pattern of activity across many electrodes

which regions of the brain are active.

39
Q

MEG is a variant of EEG and measures the

A

magnetic signal associated with electrical signals

40
Q
  • Another way to measure the electrophysiological brain activity noninvasively is to record the magnetic counterpart of EEG which is
A

magnetoencephalography or MEG

41
Q
  • Much like ERPs extracted from EEG recordings by time-locked averaging to set of stimulus events , this method can be used to extract time-locked responses called
A

event-related magnetic field responses (ERFs) from ongoing MEG signals

42
Q

Differences between MEG/EEG is that - (2)

A

MEG is sensitive to mainly neuronal activity in cortical valleys or sulci and relatively insensitive to the activity in gyri

, EEG picks up voltage fluctuations from sources in both cortical gyri and sulci, although it tends to be more sensitive to the former (gyri)

43
Q

The advantage of MEG is that magnetic fields are not

A

affected by the skull/scalp.

44
Q

MEG and EEG based on same principle as they look at

A

post-synaptic potentials like IPSPs and EPSPs

45
Q

In EEG, place electordes on scalp and looking at electrical activity taking place, recording from..

A

thousands of neurons

46
Q

If you average each time locked to stimulus onset, you can get

A

profile of peaks which increase and decrease in electrical potential and relating to cognitive events when processing a specific stimulus

47
Q

MEG measures magnetic field associated with electrical field and looking what

A

region of brain is active = spatial info

48
Q

Libet experiment on when we consciously deicde to move our bodies and found that

A

Record EEG potentials before you are consciously going to move

49
Q

Although the brain is only 2% of body weight, it consumes 20% of the body’s energy resources such as

A

20% oxygen and 20-25% glucose.

50
Q

Neurons require a constant energy supply to maintain the

A

resting membrane potential.

51
Q

However, when they neurons become active and produce post-synaptic/APs they

A

use even more energy

52
Q

The brain

A

does not store energy.

53
Q

ATP is the principal form of energy for

A

neurons.

54
Q

In the brain, ATP is dervived predominantly from

A

glucose and oxygen

55
Q

when a region in the brain becomes active it

A

needs more glucose and oxygen.

56
Q

the most widely used and popular method for assessing brain activity linked to cognitive functions is

A

functional brain imaging.

57
Q
  • Detecting and mapping these local changes in the cerebral metabolism and blood flow is the
A

hemodynamic basis of two functional neuroimaging techniques that have been commonly used (fMRI and PET)

58
Q
  • To meet the increased metabolic demands of active neurons, the local flow of blood to the relevant brain area
A

increases

59
Q

fMRI measures the changes
Neural activity uses …
Energy is replenished by.. (3)

A

in blood flow that accompany changes in neural activity

Neural activity uses energy.

This energy is replenished by nutrients (glucose and oxygen) in the blood.

60
Q
  • fMRI is based on the fact that oxyhaemoglobin and de-oxyhaemoglobin have
A

different magnetic resonance signals

61
Q
  • The active brain areas use more oxygen than relatively inactive area and thus require more
A

local blood flow

62
Q

PET involves injecting a

A

radioactive atom that is incorporated into water or other nutrients in the blood.

63
Q

How does PET work and tell which reigon is active?

A

Changes in the emission of the radioactive atom indicate which regions of the brain are active

64
Q

fMRI detects changes in

A

magnetic signal

65
Q

fMRI measures the change in magnetic signal caused by ratio of

A

oxy/deoxyhaemoglobin.

66
Q

Diagram of how fMRI/PET signal works

A
67
Q

fMRI offers better … than PET and better… (2)

A

spatial localisation
temporal resolution

68
Q

fMRI uses endogenous (internal) signals that are inbuilt to normal brain functions rather than

A

signals originating from exogenous (external) radioactively labelled probes (PET)

69
Q

PET often uses ratioactive isoptope such as

A

O15

70
Q

How does PET work? - (3)

A
  • When unstable isotope decays, once injected, the extra proton breaks down into a neutron an emitted positron
  • emitted positron travels a long distance until it collides with an electron
  • collision destroys both paeticles and emits two gamma rays that travel in opposite direction on the site on the collision
  • By reconstructing the density of these collision lines using computer algorithms, the location of the active regions can be imaged:
71
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation provides a non-invasive approach to

A

disrupt brain processing.

72
Q

A typical TMS experiment probes the role of particular brain regions in

A

specific behaviours

73
Q

EPSPs causes a neuron to become

A. depolarised
B. hyerpolarised
C. hypopolarised
D. Unpolarised

A

A

74
Q

Which of the following people can be described as a dualist?

A. Rene Descartes
B. Freud
C. Broca
D. Gall

A

A

75
Q

The influx of the following ion is critical for neurotransmitter release

A. Calcium
B. Chloride
C. Potassium
D. Sodium

A

A

76
Q

Which of the following researchers was the first to describe differences in cytoarchiture across the brain?

a. Cajal
B. Golgi
C. Freud
D. Brodman

A

D

Principles of CN Proper (19 decks)

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