Lecture 5: Neuroanatomy and Function Flashcards
1
Q
The 2 key divisions in the nervous system is - (2)
A
- Central nervous system
- Peripherla nervous system
2
Q
Diagram of CNS and PNS
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3
Q
What does the central nervous system include? - (2)
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- The brain (cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem)
- The spinal cord
4
Q
The peripheral nervous system compromises of
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all the axons and nerve cells that lie outside the brain and spinal cord and goes towards the muscles in the body (allow to move)
5
Q
The peripheral neurons are located in
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ganglia
6
Q
What is ganglia?
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clusters of nerve cell bodies found throughout the body
7
Q
What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?
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They relay information between your brain and the rest of your body
8
Q
The axons of the peripheral nervous sytem are gathered in nerves which can arise from the
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brainstem, spinal cord or sensory and autonomic ganglia
9
Q
The autnomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the divisons of the
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peripheral nervous system
10
Q
The autonomic nervous system is composed of two parts - (2)
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- Sympathetic nervous system
- Parasymathetic nervous system
11
Q
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? - (2)
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relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger.
conserve energy to be used later and to regulate bodily functions like digestion and urination.
12
Q
The parasympathetic ….. digestion rate and …. … heart rate
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increases digestion rate and slows down heart rate
13
Q
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the organism for the …. of the metabolic energy
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expenditure
14
Q
The SNS governs the … response while the PNS controls the … response.
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The SNS governs the “fight or flight” response while the PNS controls the “rest and digest” response.
15
Q
What are the 4Fs of sympathetic nervous system? - (4)
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- Flight
- Fight
- Fright
- Sexual behaviour
16
Q
The sympathetic nervous system carries signal related to fight or flight response which makes it key part of your response to
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stressful situations
17
Q
What is the grey matter in the brain refers to?
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nuclei and/or cortices which are rich in neuronal cell bodies , dendrites and synapses
18
Q
What does white matter in the brain refer to?
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axon tracts
19
Q
Diagram of white and gray matter in the brain
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20
Q
Diagram of the cerebral cortex
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21
Q
What is the cerebral cortex? - (2)
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sheetlike, folded array of billions of nerve cells that covers the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum.
outer covering of the brain
22
Q
There is also grey and white matter, aside from brain, in the
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spinal cord
23
Q
Why does the white matter have a different texture to the grey matter? - (2)
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Due to the myelin (made up of proteins and fatty substances) that is surrounding the axons
- axons covered in myelin which has whitish texture
24
Q
Diagram of white and grey matter seen in fMRI scan:
A
25
Diagram of seeing pathways of white matter (tract of white matter going from one region of brain to another) in diffusion tensor imagining
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What are the 4 different lobes of the cerebrum? - (4)
* Frontal lobe
* Parietal lobe
* Temporal lobe
* Occipital lobe
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Diagram of the 4 different lobes of the cerebrum
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What is the cerebrum?
Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres.
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Why are these names given for the different lobes of the cerebrum? - (3)
* At birth, the skull is not one complete bone as compared to adults
* When we are first born, we have 4 different bones: frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone and occipital bone which are not fused together to make the skull as adults
* Allows flexibility for baby's head to come for childbirth and growth of the brain (happens in first 20 years of life)
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What is the function of the frontal lobe?
* Involved in planning, voluntary movement, personality , expressive language - higher executive functions
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What is the function of the parietal lobe?
* Involved in sensory perception and integration, visually guided movement and spatial attention
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What is the function of the temporal lobe?
* Hearing, visual recognition (e.g., faces),
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What is the function of the occipital lobe? - (2)
* Predominantly involved in processing visual information
* Associated with distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition,
34
Diagram of anatomical terminology of the brain:
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What is this anatomical terminology?
Superior - above - whats at the top
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What is this antatomical terminology?
Inferior - below
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What is this anatomical terminology?
Anterior - in front of
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Brain regions that are anterior mean they are
closer to your noise
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What is this anatomical terminology?
Posterior - behind - back of head
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Dorsal is the same as ...
superior
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Ventral is the same as
inferior
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The reason why the brain has a convulted and folded shape as shown here is because..
* In order to increase the surface area of cerebral cortex it is folded to fit in a fixed region which is the skull
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Some animal's brain is smooth and do not produce
much complex behaviour
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The two main parts of the folding nature of the brain is
* Gyri and sulci
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The gyri is the
convex convolutions of the brain - bumps we can actually see in the brain
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What are the sulci?
convex convolutions of the brain - valleys in between the gyri
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What is singular for gyri?
gyrus
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What is the singular for sulci?
sulcus
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A very prominent sulcus that isn't actually called a sulcus is the
Sylvian fissure
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What is this?
Sylvian fissure
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What is the function of the Sylvian Fisher?
It divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe
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Why is Sylvian fissure called a fissure?
It is a large sulcus
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What is this?
Central sulcus
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The central sulcus divides the
frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
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The gyrus that is anterior to the Sylivan fissure is...
Precentral gyrus
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What is this?
Precentral gyrus
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The precentral gyrus is a
strip of brain that actually contains is primary motor cortex - map of body used for movement
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Left primary motor control will control .... and right primary motor control will control... - (2)
Left primary motor control will control right side of body
right primary motor control will control left side of the body
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Posterior to the central sulcus, what gyrus do we have?
Postcentral gyrus
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What is this?
Post central gyrus
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What lobe is the postcentral gyrus in?
Parietal lobe
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The postcentral gyrus contains the
Primary somatsosenory cortex
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What is the primary somatsosenory cortex?
Contains the map of body but is for sensations - different parts of body responsible for processing different sensations
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The left side of body controls the ... side of primary somatosensory cortex and right side of body controls... side of primary somatosensory cortex - (2)
The left side of body controls the right side of primary somatosensory cortex
right side of body controls left side of primary somatosensory cortex
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This diagram below shows that the gyri are helpful in discussing
particular regions of the brain
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What are these? (3)
* Superior frontal gyrus
* Middle frontal gyrus
* Inferior frontal gyrus
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What are these?
Orbitial gyri
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What are these ? - (3)
* Superior (above) temporal gyrus
* Middle temporal gyrus
* Inferior (below) temporal gyrus
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What is this?
Temporal pole (end of temporal lobe)
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What is this?
Supra marginal gyrus - in parietal lobe
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What is this?
Superior parietal lobule
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What is this?
Angular gyrus - forms angle at the end of Sylivan fissure
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What is this?
Occipital gyri - close to the eyes
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Diagram of the ventral surface of the forebrain
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What is the optic chiasm?
optic nerves cross and is therefore of primary importance to the visual pathway
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These anatomical terminology used in diagram used for
dissecting the brain along its different axes to allow us to look at brain structures
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What are the 3 different anatomical planes? - (3)
* Coronal (frontal)
* Saggital
* Axial (horizontal)
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What does the saggital section allows us to do?
Spilt the two cerebral hemispheres (left/right) of the brain
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What does the coronal plane allows us to do when dissecting the brain?
Divides the brain into sections that go from anterior to posterior of the brain (front to back)
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What does the horizontal axial plane do when dissecting the brain?
Divides brain from top to bottom - superior to inferior (or dorsal to ventral)
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Diagram of doing a saggital dissection of the brain
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Saggital disection of the brain reveals the
medial (middle) surface of the brain
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Diagram of singulate sulcus on saggital disection
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The singulate sulcus forms a boundary
between the superior frontal gyrus and the singulate gyrus
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Anterior part of singulate gyrus is affected in people with conditions called
Psychopathy
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Oribital gyri is another area that is affected and less blood flow to it in individuals with
psychopathy
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What is this region?
Calcarine sulcus
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What is the importance of the calcarine sulcus?
Landmark for showing a region known as primary visual cortex - important for vision
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What is this region?
Parietal occpital sulcus
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What is the function of parieto-occpital sulcus?
It divides occipital lobe from the parietal lobe
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Diagram of coronal/frontal section of the brain
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What does this cerebral cortex contain?
Neurons of the cerebral cortex which important in higher-level cognition
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What are these? - (2)
Corpus callosum and anterior commisure
these are bands of white matter joining two hemispheres
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What is the importance of anterior commisure?
Joining info from temporal lobe in right and left hemisphere
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Why is the midpoint of the anterior commisure important?
Locations of brain often given in coordinates in respect to the midpoint of anterior commisure
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What is this region here?
Basal ganglia
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Parkinson's disease is a disease of the
basal ganglia
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Parkinson's disease is characterisced in the inability to
initate motor movement and struggle to speak
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Huntington's disease is also a disease of the
basal ganglia
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Huntingon's disease is charactercised by
unconsciously initated movements
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Tourettes is a disease that is also associated with the
basal ganglia
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Basal ganglia primarily responsible for
motor control
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What is this region?
Amygdala
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Amygdala is a region that receives less blood flow in individuals with
psychopathy
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Amygdala is a region that is involved in processing
fear and emotion
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What is psychopathy?
Psychopathy is a neuropsychiatric disorder marked by deficient emotional responses, lack of empathy, and poor behavioral controls, commonly resulting in persistent antisocial deviance and criminal behavior.
107
Taking another coronal section of the brain we can see this:
108
What is this region?
Thalamus
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Thalamus function - (2)
your body's information relay station.
All information from your body's senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus before being sent to your brain's cerebral cortex for interpretation.
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What is this region?
Hippocampus
111
Function of the hippocampus - (2)
hippocampus plays a vital role in regulating learning, memory encoding, memory consolidation, and spatial navigation.
Group of neurons in hippocampus important for homeostatsis
112
Diagram of zooming into the medial surface of the brain
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The hippocampus has a good connection with ANS meaning that
if levels of water are changed, are low, then hypothalamus sends signals via ANS to your mouth to give sensation that your mouth is dry to get a glass of water
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What is this region?
Pineal gland
115
What is the function of the pineal gland?
receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information by the production and secretion of the hormone melatonin.
116
What are these areas?
Inferior and superior colliculus
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What is the superior colliculus important for?
Vision, detecting items
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Whats the inferior colliculus important for?
Hearing
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What is this regions? - (2)
* Cerebellum
* Spinal cord
120
What is this region?
Brainstem
121
The cerebellum is pimrarily responsible for the
coordination of movements
122
Brainstem has a wide variety of roles but mainly involved in
lower-level roles
123
The brainstem midbrain's function is
visual and auditory reflexes (midbrain has inferior and superior colliculus)
124
The brainstem - pons function is
important neurones for processing auditory information from the ears
125
The brainstem's medulla function is
controlling vital organs like heart rate, swallowing, breathing
126
When we say someone's brain dead it means the death of the
brain stem
127
What are the 3 different connections in the brain? - (3)
1. Association tract
2. Projection tract
3. Commisure
128
What is the commisure connection in the brain?
Cortical connection between two hemispheres
129
Example of commisures - (2)
corpus callosum (send info from left to right hemisphere)
anterior commisure
130
What is association tracts?
Cortical connection within a hemisphere
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What are projection tracts?
* Cortical tracts that connect the brain with rest of body
132
Example of projection tract
cortico spinal tract goes to the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
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Ventricles are fluid-filled cativites in brain and contain something called
cerbral spinal fluid
134
Ventricles generate cerbral spinal fluid which is important for
forming a cushion between brain and skull - good for when banging your head
135
Ventricles contain cebral spinal fluid but there are also
membranes that hold cerbral spinal fluid on the surface of brain called meinges
136
Meingnes consist of
dura matter and arachoid
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Infection of meingnes and causes swelling of meingnes (pushes against skull then brain) is called
meningitis
138
The brain takes up to 20 percent of the body's
supply of oxygen and glucose
139
The brain compromises of ... percent of the body's weight
2%
140
Since the brain disproportionaly takes up more energy than other parts of body
it needs a good blood supply to get all the glucose and oxygen to different parts of the brain
141
What are the 2 main blood supply/artieries to the brain?
1. Internal cartoid artery
2. Basillar artery
142
What is this?
Internal carotid artery
143
What is this?
Basilar Artery
144
The internal carotid artyer and basiliar artery come together in
circle of willis
145
The internal carotoid artery and basiliar artery come together in circle of willis and
unite the blood from the internal carotoid and basiliar arteries
146
The internal carotoid artery and basiliar artery come together in circle of willis with their blood is important as if you have a reduction in blood supply from internal carotoid it means - (2)
basiliar artery can compensate vice versa
ensurance system that body worked out to maintain high level of blood flwo to brain
