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Principles of CN Proper > Lecture 5: Neuroanatomy and Function > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Neuroanatomy and Function Flashcards

1
Q

The 2 key divisions in the nervous system is - (2)

A
  • Central nervous system
  • Peripherla nervous system
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2
Q

Diagram of CNS and PNS

A
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3
Q

What does the central nervous system include? - (2)

A
  • The brain (cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem)
  • The spinal cord
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4
Q

The peripheral nervous system compromises of

A

all the axons and nerve cells that lie outside the brain and spinal cord and goes towards the muscles in the body (allow to move)

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5
Q

The peripheral neurons are located in

A

ganglia

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6
Q

What is ganglia?

A

clusters of nerve cell bodies found throughout the body

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7
Q

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

A

They relay information between your brain and the rest of your body

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8
Q

The axons of the peripheral nervous sytem are gathered in nerves which can arise from the

A

brainstem, spinal cord or sensory and autonomic ganglia

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9
Q

The autnomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the divisons of the

A

peripheral nervous system

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10
Q

The autonomic nervous system is composed of two parts - (2)

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system
  2. Parasymathetic nervous system
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11
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? - (2)

A

relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger.

conserve energy to be used later and to regulate bodily functions like digestion and urination.

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12
Q

The parasympathetic ….. digestion rate and …. … heart rate

A

increases digestion rate and slows down heart rate

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13
Q

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the organism for the …. of the metabolic energy

A

expenditure

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14
Q

The SNS governs the … response while the PNS controls the … response.

A

The SNS governs the “fight or flight” response while the PNS controls the “rest and digest” response.

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15
Q

What are the 4Fs of sympathetic nervous system? - (4)

A
  1. Flight
  2. Fight
  3. Fright
  4. Sexual behaviour
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16
Q

The sympathetic nervous system carries signal related to fight or flight response which makes it key part of your response to

A

stressful situations

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17
Q

What is the grey matter in the brain refers to?

A

nuclei and/or cortices which are rich in neuronal cell bodies , dendrites and synapses

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18
Q

What does white matter in the brain refer to?

A

axon tracts

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19
Q

Diagram of white and gray matter in the brain

A
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20
Q

Diagram of the cerebral cortex

A
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21
Q

What is the cerebral cortex? - (2)

A

sheetlike, folded array of billions of nerve cells that covers the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum.

outer covering of the brain

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22
Q

There is also grey and white matter, aside from brain, in the

A

spinal cord

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23
Q

Why does the white matter have a different texture to the grey matter? - (2)

A

Due to the myelin (made up of proteins and fatty substances) that is surrounding the axons

    • axons covered in myelin which has whitish texture
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24
Q

Diagram of white and grey matter seen in fMRI scan:

A
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25
Q

Diagram of seeing pathways of white matter (tract of white matter going from one region of brain to another) in diffusion tensor imagining

A
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26
Q

What are the 4 different lobes of the cerebrum? - (4)

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
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27
Q

Diagram of the 4 different lobes of the cerebrum

A
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28
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres.

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29
Q

Why are these names given for the different lobes of the cerebrum? - (3)

A
  • At birth, the skull is not one complete bone as compared to adults
  • When we are first born, we have 4 different bones: frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone and occipital bone which are not fused together to make the skull as adults
  • Allows flexibility for baby’s head to come for childbirth and growth of the brain (happens in first 20 years of life)
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30
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Involved in planning, voluntary movement, personality , expressive language - higher executive functions
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31
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Involved in sensory perception and integration, visually guided movement and spatial attention
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32
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Hearing, visual recognition (e.g., faces),
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33
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe? - (2)

A
  • Predominantly involved in processing visual information
  • Associated with distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition,
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34
Q

Diagram of anatomical terminology of the brain:

A
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35
Q

What is this anatomical terminology?

A

Superior - above - whats at the top

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36
Q

What is this antatomical terminology?

A

Inferior - below

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37
Q

What is this anatomical terminology?

A

Anterior - in front of

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38
Q

Brain regions that are anterior mean they are

A

closer to your noise

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39
Q

What is this anatomical terminology?

A

Posterior - behind - back of head

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40
Q

Dorsal is the same as …

A

superior

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41
Q

Ventral is the same as

A

inferior

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42
Q

The reason why the brain has a convulted and folded shape as shown here is because..

A
  • In order to increase the surface area of cerebral cortex it is folded to fit in a fixed region which is the skull
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43
Q

Some animal’s brain is smooth and do not produce

A

much complex behaviour

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44
Q

The two main parts of the folding nature of the brain is

A
  • Gyri and sulci
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45
Q

The gyri is the

A

convex convolutions of the brain - bumps we can actually see in the brain

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46
Q

What are the sulci?

A

convex convolutions of the brain - valleys in between the gyri

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47
Q

What is singular for gyri?

A

gyrus

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48
Q

What is the singular for sulci?

A

sulcus

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49
Q

A very prominent sulcus that isn’t actually called a sulcus is the

A

Sylvian fissure

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50
Q

What is this?

A

Sylvian fissure

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51
Q

What is the function of the Sylvian Fisher?

A

It divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe

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52
Q

Why is Sylvian fissure called a fissure?

A

It is a large sulcus

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53
Q

What is this?

A

Central sulcus

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54
Q

The central sulcus divides the

A

frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

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55
Q

The gyrus that is anterior to the Sylivan fissure is…

A

Precentral gyrus

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56
Q

What is this?

A

Precentral gyrus

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57
Q

The precentral gyrus is a

A

strip of brain that actually contains is primary motor cortex - map of body used for movement

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58
Q

Left primary motor control will control …. and right primary motor control will control… - (2)

A

Left primary motor control will control right side of body

right primary motor control will control left side of the body

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59
Q

Posterior to the central sulcus, what gyrus do we have?

A

Postcentral gyrus

60
Q

What is this?

A

Post central gyrus

61
Q

What lobe is the postcentral gyrus in?

A

Parietal lobe

62
Q

The postcentral gyrus contains the

A

Primary somatsosenory cortex

63
Q

What is the primary somatsosenory cortex?

A

Contains the map of body but is for sensations - different parts of body responsible for processing different sensations

64
Q

The left side of body controls the … side of primary somatosensory cortex and right side of body controls… side of primary somatosensory cortex - (2)

A

The left side of body controls the right side of primary somatosensory cortex

right side of body controls left side of primary somatosensory cortex

65
Q

This diagram below shows that the gyri are helpful in discussing

A

particular regions of the brain

66
Q

What are these? (3)

A
  • Superior frontal gyrus
  • Middle frontal gyrus
  • Inferior frontal gyrus
67
Q

What are these?

A

Orbitial gyri

68
Q

What are these ? - (3)

A
  • Superior (above) temporal gyrus
  • Middle temporal gyrus
  • Inferior (below) temporal gyrus
69
Q

What is this?

A

Temporal pole (end of temporal lobe)

70
Q

What is this?

A

Supra marginal gyrus - in parietal lobe

71
Q

What is this?

A

Superior parietal lobule

72
Q

What is this?

A

Angular gyrus - forms angle at the end of Sylivan fissure

73
Q

What is this?

A

Occipital gyri - close to the eyes

74
Q

Diagram of the ventral surface of the forebrain

A
75
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

optic nerves cross and is therefore of primary importance to the visual pathway

76
Q

These anatomical terminology used in diagram used for

A

dissecting the brain along its different axes to allow us to look at brain structures

77
Q

What are the 3 different anatomical planes? - (3)

A
  • Coronal (frontal)
  • Saggital
  • Axial (horizontal)
78
Q

What does the saggital section allows us to do?

A

Spilt the two cerebral hemispheres (left/right) of the brain

79
Q

What does the coronal plane allows us to do when dissecting the brain?

A

Divides the brain into sections that go from anterior to posterior of the brain (front to back)

80
Q

What does the horizontal axial plane do when dissecting the brain?

A

Divides brain from top to bottom - superior to inferior (or dorsal to ventral)

81
Q

Diagram of doing a saggital dissection of the brain

A
82
Q

Saggital disection of the brain reveals the

A

medial (middle) surface of the brain

83
Q

Diagram of singulate sulcus on saggital disection

A
84
Q

The singulate sulcus forms a boundary

A

between the superior frontal gyrus and the singulate gyrus

85
Q

Anterior part of singulate gyrus is affected in people with conditions called

A

Psychopathy

86
Q

Oribital gyri is another area that is affected and less blood flow to it in individuals with

A

psychopathy

87
Q

What is this region?

A

Calcarine sulcus

88
Q

What is the importance of the calcarine sulcus?

A

Landmark for showing a region known as primary visual cortex - important for vision

89
Q

What is this region?

A

Parietal occpital sulcus

90
Q

What is the function of parieto-occpital sulcus?

A

It divides occipital lobe from the parietal lobe

91
Q

Diagram of coronal/frontal section of the brain

A
92
Q

What does this cerebral cortex contain?

A

Neurons of the cerebral cortex which important in higher-level cognition

93
Q

What are these? - (2)

A

Corpus callosum and anterior commisure

these are bands of white matter joining two hemispheres

94
Q

What is the importance of anterior commisure?

A

Joining info from temporal lobe in right and left hemisphere

95
Q

Why is the midpoint of the anterior commisure important?

A

Locations of brain often given in coordinates in respect to the midpoint of anterior commisure

96
Q

What is this region here?

A

Basal ganglia

97
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a disease of the

A

basal ganglia

98
Q

Parkinson’s disease is characterisced in the inability to

A

initate motor movement and struggle to speak

99
Q

Huntington’s disease is also a disease of the

A

basal ganglia

100
Q

Huntingon’s disease is charactercised by

A

unconsciously initated movements

101
Q

Tourettes is a disease that is also associated with the

A

basal ganglia

102
Q

Basal ganglia primarily responsible for

A

motor control

103
Q

What is this region?

A

Amygdala

104
Q

Amygdala is a region that receives less blood flow in individuals with

A

psychopathy

105
Q

Amygdala is a region that is involved in processing

A

fear and emotion

106
Q

What is psychopathy?

A

Psychopathy is a neuropsychiatric disorder marked by deficient emotional responses, lack of empathy, and poor behavioral controls, commonly resulting in persistent antisocial deviance and criminal behavior.

107
Q

Taking another coronal section of the brain we can see this:

A
108
Q

What is this region?

A

Thalamus

109
Q

Thalamus function - (2)

A

your body’s information relay station.

All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus before being sent to your brain’s cerebral cortex for interpretation.

110
Q

What is this region?

A

Hippocampus

111
Q

Function of the hippocampus - (2)

A

hippocampus plays a vital role in regulating learning, memory encoding, memory consolidation, and spatial navigation.

Group of neurons in hippocampus important for homeostatsis

112
Q

Diagram of zooming into the medial surface of the brain

A
113
Q

The hippocampus has a good connection with ANS meaning that

A

if levels of water are changed, are low, then hypothalamus sends signals via ANS to your mouth to give sensation that your mouth is dry to get a glass of water

114
Q

What is this region?

A

Pineal gland

115
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information by the production and secretion of the hormone melatonin.

116
Q

What are these areas?

A

Inferior and superior colliculus

117
Q

What is the superior colliculus important for?

A

Vision, detecting items

118
Q

Whats the inferior colliculus important for?

A

Hearing

119
Q

What is this regions? - (2)

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Spinal cord
120
Q

What is this region?

A

Brainstem

121
Q

The cerebellum is pimrarily responsible for the

A

coordination of movements

122
Q

Brainstem has a wide variety of roles but mainly involved in

A

lower-level roles

123
Q

The brainstem midbrain’s function is

A

visual and auditory reflexes (midbrain has inferior and superior colliculus)

124
Q

The brainstem - pons function is

A

important neurones for processing auditory information from the ears

125
Q

The brainstem’s medulla function is

A

controlling vital organs like heart rate, swallowing, breathing

126
Q

When we say someone’s brain dead it means the death of the

A

brain stem

127
Q

What are the 3 different connections in the brain? - (3)

A
  1. Association tract
  2. Projection tract
  3. Commisure
128
Q

What is the commisure connection in the brain?

A

Cortical connection between two hemispheres

129
Q

Example of commisures - (2)

A

corpus callosum (send info from left to right hemisphere)
anterior commisure

130
Q

What is association tracts?

A

Cortical connection within a hemisphere

131
Q

What are projection tracts?

A
  • Cortical tracts that connect the brain with rest of body
132
Q

Example of projection tract

A

cortico spinal tract goes to the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

133
Q

Ventricles are fluid-filled cativites in brain and contain something called

A

cerbral spinal fluid

134
Q

Ventricles generate cerbral spinal fluid which is important for

A

forming a cushion between brain and skull - good for when banging your head

135
Q

Ventricles contain cebral spinal fluid but there are also

A

membranes that hold cerbral spinal fluid on the surface of brain called meinges

136
Q

Meingnes consist of

A

dura matter and arachoid

137
Q

Infection of meingnes and causes swelling of meingnes (pushes against skull then brain) is called

A

meningitis

138
Q

The brain takes up to 20 percent of the body’s

A

supply of oxygen and glucose

139
Q

The brain compromises of … percent of the body’s weight

A

2%

140
Q

Since the brain disproportionaly takes up more energy than other parts of body

A

it needs a good blood supply to get all the glucose and oxygen to different parts of the brain

141
Q

What are the 2 main blood supply/artieries to the brain?

A
  1. Internal cartoid artery
  2. Basillar artery
142
Q

What is this?

A

Internal carotid artery

143
Q

What is this?

A

Basilar Artery

144
Q

The internal carotid artyer and basiliar artery come together in

A

circle of willis

145
Q

The internal carotoid artery and basiliar artery come together in circle of willis and

A

unite the blood from the internal carotoid and basiliar arteries

146
Q

The internal carotoid artery and basiliar artery come together in circle of willis with their blood is important as if you have a reduction in blood supply from internal carotoid it means - (2)

A

basiliar artery can compensate vice versa

ensurance system that body worked out to maintain high level of blood flwo to brain

Principles of CN Proper (19 decks)

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