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2 A&P > W1 Respiratory System Structure and Ventilation > Flashcards

W1 Respiratory System Structure and Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Name the structures of the Upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

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2
Q

Name the structures of the lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli

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3
Q

list the 5 functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. extensive surface for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
  2. Move air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs along resp pways
  3. protect respiratory surfaces from outside environment- dehydration, temp change, pathogens
  4. produce sounds for speaking/ communication
  5. olfactory sense- detect odours in superior portions of nasal cav
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4
Q

Portion of respiratory tract extending from the nose to the terminal bronchioles

A

Conducting portion

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5
Q

Portion of respiratory tract made up of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

A

Respiratory portion

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6
Q

What membrane lines the conducting portion and helps the ‘conditioning process’ of inhaled air?

A

Respiratory Mucosa

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7
Q

Where are the lings situated?

A

In the left and right pleural cavity

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8
Q

Pleural fluid function

A

lubrication to allow expanding and shrinking of lungs

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9
Q

What is the oblique fissure?

A

seperates the superior and inferior lobes of the lungs

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10
Q

How is the left lung different from the right?

A

Left lungs only has superior and inferior lobe, right lung has sup, middle and inferior lobe.

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11
Q

How is the pericardial cavity accomodated in the pleural cavity?

A

space for Pericardial cavity in the cardiac notch by left lung

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12
Q

Superior, inferior and middle lobes of right lung seperated by ____

A

oblique and horizontal fissures

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13
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

point of attachment between the lung and lung root. Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels,nerves and lymph

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14
Q

Function of respiratory mucosa

A

filtration mechanism to reduce amount of pathogen or debris in inhaled air

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15
Q

R mucosa consists of

A

epithelium layer and underlying areolar tissue layer

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16
Q

what is the name of the areolar tissue layer that supports the respiratory epithlium?

A

Lamina Propria

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17
Q

Lam Prop in upper resp tract contains

A

mucous glands

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18
Q

Lam Prop in lower resp tract contains

A

bundles of smooth muscle cells. In bronchioles forms thick bands encircling around the lumen

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19
Q

What does the R mucosa of the trachea contain?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitial layer

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20
Q

What type of epthelial layer lines the nasal cavity and superior pharynx?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and muscous cells.

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21
Q

Epithelium lining inferior pharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

What is the function of the pharyngeal epithelium?

A

transport food to esophagus and air to larynx

protect against abrasion and chemicals

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23
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines which portion of the respiratory tract?

A

superior portion of lower tract

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24
Q

Cuboidal epithelium with scattered cilia lines which part of resp system?

A

Bronchioles

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25
Q

What are the exchange surfaces of alveoli made up of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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26
Q

what makes up the alveolar epithelium?

A

simple squamous cells and specialised cells

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27
Q

What structure is the primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system?

A

The Nose

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28
Q

Which two structures does air pass through in the nose?

A

Nares (nostrils) into the nasal vestibule

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29
Q

What is the nasal vestibule?

A

space contained within the flexible tissue of the nose

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30
Q

Function of vestibule

A

First defense mechanism- coarse hairs on epithelium trap debris

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31
Q

Which structures form the nasal septum?

A

fusion of perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer. Anterior portion hyaline cartilage.

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32
Q

Function of mucous

A

produced in paranasal sinuses, cleans and moistens nasal cavity

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33
Q

Nasolacrimal ducts function

A

drain tears into nasal cavity

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34
Q

The superior portion of the nasal cavoty serves what purpose?

A

olfactory region

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35
Q

Which structures make up the olfactory region?

A

inferior surface of cribriform plate, superior portion of nasal septum, superior nasal conchae

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36
Q

narrow grooves in nasal cavity causing air turbulence

A

nasal conchae- superior, middle, inferior meatus

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37
Q

Function of meatus

A

cause air turbulence to warm and humidify air, trap particles in nasal mucosa, stimulate olfactory receptors

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38
Q

List in order the structures of the nose and nasal cavity that air passes through

A

Nares, vestibule, nasal conchae

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39
Q

Function of the bony hard palate

A

forms floor of nasal cavity seperates it from oral cav

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40
Q

what structure extends posteripr to the hard palate?

A

soft palate

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41
Q

function of soft palate

A

marks boundary of superior nasopharynx and rest of pharynx

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42
Q

What structure does the nasal cavity open into at the choanae?

A

nasopharynx

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43
Q

What does the lamina propria of the nasal cavity contain?

A

abundance of arteries, vein and capillaries for nutrient to sensory cells

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44
Q

What is special about the LP in the nasal conchae?

A

network of highly expandable veins- vascularisation warms and humidifies incoming air.

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45
Q

Breathing through the nose prevents

A

heat loss and water loss

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46
Q

Which structure is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems?

A

pharynx

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47
Q

Name the three sections of the pharynx

A

(Sup) Nasopharynx
(Mid) Oropharynx
(Inf) Laryngopharynx

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48
Q

Which section of the pharynx contains pharyngeal tonsils and opening to L and R auditory tubes?

A

Nasopharynx

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49
Q

The nasopharynx contains which structures?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils and opening to L and R auditory tubes

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50
Q

Oropharynx position

A

between soft palate and base of tongue. posterior poriton of oral cav connects directly with oropharynx

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51
Q

Nasopharynx membrane lining?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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52
Q

Which sections of pharynx have stratified squamous epithelium lining?

A

oro and laryngo

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53
Q

Laryngopharynx position?

A

between hyoid bone and entrance to esophagus and larynx

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54
Q

Function of stratified squamous epithelium in pharynx?

A

protect against abrasion, chemicals and pathogens

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55
Q

Which structure does air pass through to get into the larynx?

A

Glottis

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56
Q

What is the glottis commonly known as?

A

Voice box

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57
Q

What is the larynx?

A

cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the glottis

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58
Q

Position of the larynx

A

begins at level of C4/5 vertebra and ends at level of C6

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59
Q

Name the three unpaired cartilages in the larynx

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

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60
Q

Unpaired cartilages form

A

C shaped rings around lumen

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61
Q

Which two unpaired larynx cartilages are made up of hyaline?

A

Thyroid and Cricoid

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62
Q

Thyroid cartilage features

A

forms anterior and lateral walls
U- shaped
Superior to cricoid cartilage

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63
Q

Which structures are protected by thyroid cartilage?

A

Glottis and entrance to trachea

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64
Q

Function of cricoid cartilage?

A

protect glottis

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65
Q

Which cartilage forms ring-shaped pattern around larynx?

A

Cricoid

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66
Q

Which cartilage forms a lid over the glottis?

A

Epiglottis

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67
Q

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?

A

elastic

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68
Q

where does the ligament associated with the epiglottis attach?

A

thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

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69
Q

where does ligament associated with thyroid cartilage attach?

A

hyoid bones, epiglottis and laryngeal cartilages

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70
Q

Name the small cartilages of the larynx

A

Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform

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71
Q

what is the function of the small cartilages of the larynx?

A

sound production and opening/ closing of the glottis

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72
Q

How is sound produced?

A

air through the glottis vibrates vocal chords creating sound waves.

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73
Q

How is sound variation caused?

A

tension on vocal folds and voluntary muscles

position of arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage

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74
Q

What is produced in the larynx with regard to speech?

A

phonation

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75
Q

What is articulation with regard to speech?

A

modification of sound by other structures

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76
Q

Which ligaments are found in larynx?

A

Vestibular and Vocal

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77
Q

Position of ligaments

A

extend between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages

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78
Q

Vestibular and Vocal ligs covered by _____

A

covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium

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79
Q

Vestibular ligaments function

A

protect vocal folds

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80
Q

Which structure prevents foreign objects entering the glottis?

A

Vestibular folds

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81
Q

Which structure do the vestibular ligaments lie within?

A

Vestibular folds

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82
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

control vocal folds
open and close glottis
coughing reflex

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83
Q

Where do the intrinsic muscles insert?

A

thyroid, arytenoid and corniculate cartilages

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84
Q

Infection or inflammation in the larynx is called

A

Laryngitis

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85
Q

Acute Epiglottitis causes

A

swelling of the glottis, possibly resulting in suffocation

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86
Q

What causes Acute Epiglottitis?

A

bacterial infection in the throat

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87
Q

What is the main symptom of larygnitis?

A

hoarseness due to vocal folds inflammed

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88
Q

Where does the Trachea begin?

A

ligamentous attachment to cricoid cartilage

89
Q

which ligament is associated with the trachea?

A

anular ligament

90
Q

what band of smooth muscle controls the diameter of the tracheal lumen?

A

trachealis

91
Q

describe the cartilage of the trachea

A

15-20 C shaped, protects anterior and lateral walls, open side faces the esophagus. not continuous

92
Q

Why are the cartilages non continuous in the trachea?

A

can move around so allows large amounts of food to pass through esophagus

93
Q

function of the tracheal cartilages

A

stiffen airway, prevent collapse or overexpansion

94
Q

in relation to the spine, where is the trachea?

A

starts C6 end around T5

95
Q

in relation to the respiratory system, where is the trachea?

A

cricoid region to the mediastinum

96
Q

the ANS sympathetic stimulates which strcuture in the trachea?

A

trachealis to increase lumen diameter to get more air flow

97
Q

what is the diameter and length of the tracheal lumen?

A

~2.5 cm, 11cm length

98
Q

which structures connect the ends of the tracheal cartilages?

A

trachealis and anular ligament

99
Q

describe the submucosa of the trachea

A

thick layer CT containing tracheal glands that secrete through short ducts

100
Q

what is on the lining of the lumen of the trachea?

A

cilia

101
Q

the tracheal mucosa resembles that of which other structures?

A

nasopharynx and nasal cavity

102
Q

Trachea branches to form which structure?

A

L and R primary bronchi

103
Q

where are the primary bronchi?

A

mediastinum

104
Q

what separates the L + R bronchus?

A

Carina - internal ridge

105
Q

describe the cartilages of the bronchus

A

overlapping C shaped rings

106
Q

What forms the bronchial tree?

A

primary bronchus and lobar bronchi

107
Q

What are the lobar bronchi?

A

secondary branches, supply the different lobes of the lungs

108
Q

How many lobar bronchi do each lung have?

A

L- 2, R- 3

109
Q

Why is a foreign object more likely to be in the right bronchi?

A

Right bronchi is larger in diameter and descends at a steeper angle

110
Q

What do the lobar bronchi branch into?

A

segmental bronchi

111
Q

where do the segmental bronchi supply?

A

single bronchopulmonary segments

112
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments in each lung?

A

L- 8/9, R- 10

113
Q

what changes occur as the bronchi seperate into the secondary and tertiary branches?

A

walls- decreased cartilage, increase smooth muscle

114
Q

what do the tertiary bronchi branch into?

A

bronchioles, terminal bronchioles then into alveoli

115
Q

increased smooth muscle in the bronchioles means

A

more muscular effect on airway resistance and constriction

116
Q

brionchioles contain only

A

smooth muscle

117
Q

what membrane lines terminal and respiratory bronchioles and why?

A

cuboidal epithelium to humidify and moisten air

118
Q

Which regions of the bronchi are controlled by ANS?

A

lumen diameter and regulates smooth muscle

119
Q

Bronchitis causes breathlessness due to what?

A

constriction of airway and increased air resistance due to inflammation

120
Q

Bronchiodilation

A

sympathetic ANS decrease resistance- widening of airways

121
Q

Bronchioconstriction

A

parasympathetic ANS or histamines- constrict airways

122
Q

Functionally, bronchioles of the respiratory are equal to which part of the CV system

A

arterioles

123
Q

Excessive stimulation of smooth muscle of the bronchioles results in which chronic condition?

A

asthma

124
Q

Folds in the bronchiole mucosa occur when

A

increased tension in smooth muscle, increases air resistance

125
Q

Air filled pockets within the lungs where gas exchange takes place

A

Alveoli

126
Q

list in order the structures included in the flow of air from trachea to alveoli

A

Trachea, primary bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, individual alveoli, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

127
Q

what structure maintains the position of alveoli and respiratory bronchioles?

A

elastic fibres and capillary network

128
Q

elastic fibres function

A

maintain position of alveoli

recoil during exhalation, reduce size of alveoli and force air out

129
Q

alveoli layer made up of

A

simple squamous epithelium

130
Q

squamous cells also called

A

pneumocytes type 1

131
Q

pneumocytes I function

A

gas diffusion site

132
Q

pneumocytes II function

A

produce surfactant

133
Q

specialised cell in alveoli that engulfs foreign particles

A

alveolar macrophages

134
Q

What is surfactant?

A

oily secretion containing proteins and phospholipids

135
Q

function of surfactant

A

reduce surface tension in thin water layer, prevents collapse of alveoli, keeps alveoli open

136
Q

What condition can occur if inadequate surfactant?

A

respiratory distress syndrome

137
Q

List the three layers of the blood- air barrier

A
  1. alveolar cell layer
  2. capillary endothelial layer
  3. fused basement membrane
138
Q

How does blood- air barrier allow quick diffusion

A

Large SA, short diffusion pway, small lipid soluble o2 and co2

139
Q

How does pneumonia develop?

A

develops from any infection or particle causing inflammation in the lungs where fluid leaks into alveoli

140
Q

Which artery supplies the respiratory portion of the lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries

141
Q

what pathway does the blood follow through the pulmonary arteries?

A

deoxygenated blood carried into the lungs via pulm artery
oxygen-rich blood into the pulmonary venules then into the pulmonary vein
P vein enters left atrium

142
Q

What supplies the conducting portion of the lungs?

A

Bronchial capillaries

Oxygenated blood from thoracic aorta into bronchial artery into bronchial capillaries

143
Q

External respiration

A

exchange of oxygen and co2 with the environment to meet the respiratory demands of cells

144
Q

processes involved in external respiration

A

Pulmonary respiration, gass diffusion, storage and transport of o2 and co2

145
Q

Internal respiration

A

cellular respiration, absorption of o2 and release of co2 by cells

146
Q

Low tissue oxygen level

A

Hypoxia

147
Q

No o2 supply to tissue

A

Anoxia

148
Q

What is Pulmonary ventilation?

A

air in and out of respiratory tract

149
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

physical movement of air in and out of alveoli

150
Q

what does alveolar ventilation prevent?

A

build up of co2 in alveoli

151
Q

function of pulmonary ventilation

A

Maintain adequate alveolar ventilation

ensures continuous supply of o2

152
Q

Boyles Law defines

A

relationship between gas pressure and volume

153
Q

Boyles Law shows that

A

increased pressure, decreases volume
decreased pressure, increases volume
air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

154
Q

Compliance of the lung measures

A

expandability in response to applied pressure

155
Q

Air flow is dictated by

A

external air pressure and interpulmonary pressure

156
Q

P=1/V

A

Boyle’s Law

157
Q

Low compliance of the lungs means

A

greater force required to fill the lungs

158
Q

Factors affecting compliance

A

CT structure of the lungs- e.g emphysema increases compliance as alveoli larger than normal

Level of surfactant produced- low level surfactant causes alveoli collapse so compliance lower

Mobility of thoracic cage- arthiritius etc lower compliance stops ribs moving up and out

159
Q

Inhalation

A

active process increasing thoracic volume decreasing pressure so that air flow in

160
Q

movement involved in inhalation

A

elevation rib cage

contraction diaphragm

161
Q

exhalation

A

passive process, decrease volume so pressure increases therefore air out

162
Q

movement involved in passive exhalation

A

diaphragm relax, rib cage return to normal

163
Q

movement involved in active exhalation

A

internal intercostals and transverse thoracis depress ribs

abdominal muscles compress abdomen, forcing diaphragm upward

164
Q

What are the primary respiratory muscles

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

165
Q

Why are diaphragm and external intercostals primary muscles?

A

active at rest

166
Q

Name the accessory respiratory muscles

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

167
Q

What is the function of accessory resp muscles?

A

contract to assist external IC during active respiration to lift ribs

168
Q

Clinical name for quiet breathing

A

Eupnea

169
Q

Clinical name for forced breathing

A

Hyperpnea

170
Q

Which type of eupnea is predominantly diaphragm assisted

A

deep breathing (diaphragmatic breathing)

171
Q

Costal breathing is dominated by

A

rib cage movements

172
Q

costal breathing is also known as

A

shallow breathing

173
Q

what is elastic rebound?

A

passive exhalation

  1. expansion of lungs stretches elastic fibres
  2. elevation of ribcage stretches opposing skeletal muscles and elastic fibres in CT

when inhalation muscles relax, elastic fibres recoil, returning ribcage and diaphragm to original position

174
Q

Ve = f x Vt

A

Respiratory Minute Volume (Ve)

f= resp rate
Vt = tidal vol
175
Q

average respiratory rate at rest

A

12 breaths per minute

176
Q

average tidal volume at rest

A

500ml per breath

177
Q

Va= f x (Vt-Vd)

A

Alveolar Ventilation (VA)

f= resp rate
Vt= tidal vol
Vd= anatomical dead space
178
Q

Respiratory Minute Volume equation

A

Ve = f x Vt

179
Q

Inspiratory Reserve (IRV)

A

Volume of air taken in over avg resting Vt

180
Q

Expiratory Reserve (ERV)

A

Volume of air voluntarily expelled after normal quiet breathing cycle

181
Q

Volume of air taken in over avg resting Vt

A

IRV Inspiratory Reserve

182
Q

Volume of air voluntarily expelled after normal quiet breathing cycle

A

ERV Expiratory Reserve

183
Q

Residual Volume

A

Amount of air remaining in lung after max exhaustion

184
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

amount of air that can be drawn into lungs after complete quiet breathing cycle (Vt + IRV)

185
Q

Vt + IRV

A

Inspiratory Capacity

186
Q

Amount of air remaining in lung after max exhaustion

A

Residual Volume

187
Q

amount of air that can be drawn into lungs after complete quiet breathing cycle (Vt + IRV)

A

Inspiratory Capacity

188
Q

Rv + ERV

A

Functional Residual Capacity

189
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

amount of air remaining in lungs after complete quiet breathing cycle

190
Q

Vital Capacity

A

max amount of air moved out of lungs in one single breath (ERV + Vt + IRV)

191
Q

ERV + Vt + IRV

A

Vital Capacity

192
Q

why must there always be some air in the lungs?

A

lungs would collapse

193
Q

FEV1 ,2 ,3…

A

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1,2,3… seconds

194
Q

FEV used for

A

assessing and diagnosing lung disease, asthma etc

195
Q

FVC

A

Forced vital capacity

196
Q

Forced Vital Capacity measures

A

max volume of gas expelled after max inspiration

197
Q

FER

A

Forced Expiratory Ratio

198
Q

Forced Expiratory Ratio=

A

FEV1/ FVC

199
Q

FER used for

A

diagnosing asthma and COPD

200
Q

max volume of gas expelled after max inspiration

A

FVC

201
Q

used for assessing and diagnosing lung disease, asthma etc

A

FEV

202
Q

max amount of air moved out of lungs in one single breath (ERV + Vt + IRV)

A

Vital Capacity

203
Q

amount of air remaining in lungs after complete quiet breathing cycle

A

FRC

204
Q

mmHg

A

millimeters of mercury
most common
measure bp/ gas pressures

205
Q

normal atmospheric pressure

A

760mmHg

206
Q

760mmHg

A

normal atmospheric pressure

207
Q

Torr equal to

A

1mmHg

208
Q

Cm of water CmH2o

A

measure anaesthetic gas pressure/ o2 pressure

209
Q

1 cmH2o equal to ? mmHg

A

0.735 mmHg

210
Q

0.735 mmHg = ? cmh2o

A

1

211
Q

Psi stands for

A

pounds per square inch

212
Q

psi used to measure

A

pressures in compressed gas cylinders and industrial applications

213
Q

15 psi =

A

normal atmospheric pressure at sea level

214
Q

normal atmospheric pressure at sea level

A

15 psi

215
Q

Composition of Air at sea level

A

Nitrogen 78.6%
O2 20.9%
Water vapour 0.5%
CO2 0.04 %

216
Q

78.6% comp

A

Nitrogen at sea level

217
Q

20.9% comp

A

oxygen at sea level

218
Q

0.5% comp

A

water vapour at sea level

219
Q

0.04 % comp

A

co2 at sea level

2 A&P (6 decks)

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