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2 A&P > The Heart and CV system > Flashcards

The Heart and CV system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of CV system

A
  1. Transport- delivery of O2, hormones and nutrients etc, waste removal
  2. Maintenance- body temp, pH, vasodilation, baroreceptors (dehydration)
  3. Protection- wbc delivery
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2
Q

name of two circuits

A

Systemic and Pulmonary

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3
Q

Pulmonary artery function

A

deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

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4
Q

Systemic artery function

A

oxygenated blood from heart to body

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5
Q

systemic vein function

A

deoxygenated blood from body to heart

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6
Q

pulmonary vein function

A

oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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7
Q

Pulmonary circuit carries blood…

A

to and from lungs

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8
Q

Systemic circuit carries blood…

A

to and from rest of the body

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9
Q

Factors influencing heart size

A

height, weight, age, sex, training status

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10
Q

Right side of heart used by

A

systemic circuit

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11
Q

pulmonary circuit uses which side of the heart

A

left side

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12
Q

blood route from S circuit

A

S circuit- RA, RV, P circuit

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13
Q

blood route from P circuit

A

P circuit- LA, LV, S circuit

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14
Q

Location of heart

A

Thoracic cavity anterior mediastinum, posterior to the sternum for protection. Between lungs.

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15
Q

Base of heart location

A

sits posterior to sternum at level of 3rd costal cartilage. average heart starts at 1st costal cartilage. Centre of base sits left of midline

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16
Q

Apex of heart location

A

average 5th intercostal space

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17
Q

Pericarditis symptoms

A

inflammation resulting in increased production of pericardial fluid causing cardiac tamponade

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18
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

restricted movement of heart due to increased fluid in pericardial cavity. Caused by trauma or pericarditis

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19
Q

Right atria receive blood from

A

S circuit via SVC and IVC

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20
Q

Left atria receive blood from

A

P circuit via 2 L and 2 R Pulmonary veins

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21
Q

What is special about the openings leading into the atria?

A

no valves

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22
Q

Characteristics of atria

A

thin walls, highly expandable

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23
Q

Expandable extension of atria

A

auricle

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24
Q

Anterior wall and inner auricle of atria contain

A

pectinate muscles

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25
Q

pectinate muscles

A

prominent muscular ridges on anterior wall and inner auricle of atria

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26
Q

R ventricle sends blood

A

P circuit

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27
Q

L ventricle sends blood

A

S circuit

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28
Q

How does RV differ from LV?

A

‘Moderator band’ and LV thicker muscular wall

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29
Q

Structural feature of ventricles

A

trabeculae carnae- series of muscular ridges

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30
Q

Function of moderator band

A

Delivers stimulus for contraction to pap muscles so can tense chordae tendinae before ventricle contracts.

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31
Q

What is the moderator band

A

muscular ridge extending horizontal from inferior interventricular septum, connect to anterior papillary muscle.

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32
Q

How does the LV contract?

A

apex closer to base, diameter decreases for max contraction to open SL valves

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33
Q

Function of septa

A

separate chambers

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34
Q

Septa of heart

A

Interatrial septum, interventricular septum

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35
Q

conus arteriosus

A

Superior R ventricle tapers into cone-shaped pouch which ends at pulmonary SL valve

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36
Q

Valve function

A

permit blood flow in one direction. Prevent backflow/ regurgitation.

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37
Q

Valve structure

A

Fold of fibrous tissue (cusps) extending btwn openings.

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38
Q

chordae tendinae

A

CT fibres that originate at papillary muscles. Free edge of cusps of valves attach to ch.t

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39
Q

Papillary muscles

A

conical muscular projections arising from inner surface of right ventricle

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40
Q

Function of papillary muscles

A

prevents inversion of AV valves by pulling closed during contraction

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41
Q

Valves of atria

A

Atrioventricular (tricuspid and mitral/ bicuspid)

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42
Q

Valves of ventricles

A

Semilunar (pulmonary and aortic)

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43
Q

Valvular Heart Disease

A

disfunctional valves following Carditis

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44
Q

Carditis

A

Inflammation of heart

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45
Q

Causes of Carditis

A

Strep infection result in rheumatic fever- inflamm autoimmune response

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46
Q

Passage of blood through aorta

A

Blood from LV through aortic SL valve into ascending aorta

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47
Q

Aortic sinuses

A

sac-like extension of base of asc aorta, adj to each cusp of valve

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48
Q

sac-like extension of base of asc aorta, adj to each cusp of valve

A

aortic sinuses

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49
Q

structures of aorta

A

asc aorta, aortic arch, desc aorta

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50
Q

fibrous band left over from fetal blood vessel once linking P and S circuits

A

Ligamentum Arteriorum

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51
Q

Ligamentum Arteriorum

A

fibrous band left over from fetal blood vessel once linking P and S circuits

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52
Q

Superior vena cava

A
  • opens into posterior, superior portion of R atrium

* delivers blood from head, neck, upper limbs, chest

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53
Q

Inferior vena cava

A
  • opens into posterior, inferior portion of R atrium

* blood from trunk, viscera, lower limbs

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54
Q

deep groove marking border of artia and ventricles

A

coronary sulcus

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55
Q

grooves mark boundary of left and right ventricles

A

Anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus

56
Q

coronary sulcus

A

deep groove marking border of artia and ventricles

57
Q

Anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus

A

grooves mark boundary of left and right ventricles

58
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

In fetus, opening penetrating ineratrial septum, connecting L and R atria of fetal heart. Permits blood flow from R to L atrium whilst lungs developing. Closes at birth, Fossa Ovalis remains at the site.

59
Q

avg BPM

A

70

60
Q

avg cardiac output at rest

A

5L/min

61
Q

avg CO during exercise

A

15-20L/min

62
Q

Cardiac output definition

A

volume of blood pumped by LV in 1 min

63
Q

Cardiac Output equation

A

HR x SV

64
Q

Stroke volume definition

A

amount of blood pumped out of V during each contraction

65
Q

stroke volume equation

A

EDV-ESV

66
Q

EDV definition

A

EDV (end-diastolic volume) – amount of blood in V at end of diastole

67
Q

ESV definition

A

(end-systolic volume) – amount of blood in V after contraction

68
Q

Frank-Starling principle

A

Increasing EDV = increase SV => ‘more in, more out’

69
Q

Factors of EDV

A

filling time and VR. Filling time- duration of V diastole, faster HR shorter filling time.
VR variable responds to changes in COutput, blood vol, peripheral circ.

70
Q

Preload (SV EDV)

A

degree of stretching in V muscle cells, directly proportional to EDV.

71
Q

avg EDV in resting adult

A

around 130ml

72
Q

Heart wall layers

A

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

73
Q

Epicardium features

A

Covers surface of heart. Consists of exposed mesothelium and underlying areolar tissue att to myocardium

Pericardium- Outer fibrous layer, 2 layer parietal layer cont pericardial fluid, 1 layer visceral layer of epicardium.

74
Q

Function of Epicardium

A

Collagen dense network. Stabalises heart- att to sternum, diaphragm and vessels of heart

75
Q

Myocardium features

A

Cardiac muscle tissue. Layer contains cardiac muscle cells, CT, BV, nerves.

Thickness depends on function of chamber

Seperate blood supply

76
Q

Atrial myocardium features

A

Atrial myocardium cont muscle bundles wrap around atria and encircle great vessels

77
Q

Cardiac muscle cells features

A
  • Cardiac muscle cell- short and wide, Y-shaped branched.
  • Intercalated discs* connect cells and decrease resistance pway of impulse btwn cells and ensure sychronicity and coordination

Invol contraction- pacemaker cells via ANS and EC system (autorhythmicity)

Nucleus and large no mitochondria

78
Q

superficial ventricular muscle structure

A

wraps around both ventricles, deeper muscle spiral around and between ventricles towards apex.

79
Q

Endocardium features

A

Covers inner surfaces including heart valves. Simple squamous epithelium and underlying areolar tissue. SS epithelium (Endothelium) continuous with that of great vessels.

80
Q

Communication btwn myocardial cells

A

intercalated discs as junction btwn cells as well as gap junction- depol to pass btwn cells and synch muscle contraction

desmosomes- bind adj myocytes, strong; not pulled apart by contraction.

81
Q

Types of CT in heart

A

collagen and elastic

82
Q

Cardiac muscle cell wrapped in

A

elastic sheath

83
Q

Struts function

A

tied together Adj cells via fibrous cross links

Fibres interwoven into sheets separating deep and superficial muscle layers

84
Q

Function of cardiac CT

A

o Physical support for muscle fibres, blood vessels, and nerves of myocardium

o Distribute forces of contraction

o Add strength and prevent overexpansion of the heart

o Provide elasticity helps return heart to original size and shape following contraction

85
Q

Cardiac skeleton structure and function

A
  • Four dense bands of elastic tissue
  • Encircles heart valves and base of pulmonary trunk and aorta
  • Stabilise position of heart valves and ventricular muscle cells
  • Electrically insulate ventricular cells from atrial cells
86
Q

Coronary artery origin

A

L+R arteries orginate at base of Aa, at aortic sinuses.

87
Q

Aortic sinuses BP

A

highest BP in S circuit

88
Q

What mechanism allows blood flow into S circuit and A.sinuses

A

Elastic recoil

89
Q

Elastic recoil

A

pushes blood both forward into S circuit and backward through aortic sinuses into coronary arteries

90
Q

R Coronary Artery

A

follows coronary sulcus,

supplies RA, portions of L+RV, portions of electrical conducting system.

Gives rise to marginal arteries- extend across surface of RV.

Supplies posterior interventricular artery which runs toward apex in post intervent sulcus, which supplies intervent septum and ventricles.

91
Q

L coronary artery

A

supplies LV, LA, intervent septum. Gives rise to circumflex artery which curves around coronary sulcus, and anterior intervent artery which wraps around pulmonary trunk and runs along ant intervent sulcus.

92
Q

anterior intervent artery supplies

A

small tribularies continuous with those of PIA

93
Q

Arterial anastomoses

A

interconnections btwn arteries

94
Q

AIA continuous with PIA allows

A

constant blood supply to muscle despite pressure fluctuations in L+R CA

95
Q

structure following anterior surface of ventricles along intervent sulcus and coronary sulcus.

A

Great cardiac vein

96
Q

Great cardiac vein

A

Drains blood from the region supplied by AIA (LCA). Cardiac veins return to coronary sinus

97
Q

coronary sinus

A

large, thin-walled vein, opens into RA near IVC.

98
Q

Posterior vein of LV

A

drains circumflex artery region

99
Q

Middle cardiac vein

A

drains PIA region

100
Q

small cardiac vein

A

receives blood from post surface of RA+RV

101
Q

Anterior cardiac veins (ant veins of right ventricle)

A

drain ant surface of RV, empty into RA.

102
Q

What initiates contraction of heart chambers

A

Electrical impulses of conducting system

103
Q

types of cardiac cell

A

contractile and conducting (PM)

104
Q

Pacemaker cells function

A

autorhythmicity

Establish normal HR

Interconnect SA and AV nodes, distribute contractile stimulus throughout myocardium.

Distribute stimulus to cardiac muscle cells

105
Q

PM cell location

A

internodal pways in atrial walls

Ventricles- bundle of His and P-fibres

106
Q

Bundle of His and P Fibres function

A

distrib stimulus to ventricular myocardium

107
Q

‘Pacemaker potential’

A

no stable resting membrane potential

anytime cell repol, drifts towards threshold as result of slow flow of Na without compensating outflow of K

108
Q

What directly influences PM cells

A

Venous return

109
Q

Venous return impact

A

Bainbridge reflex

VR increases- more blood in A- more stretch. PM stretched so more rapid depol => increase HR.

110
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

adjustments in HR in response to increased VR

111
Q

Regulation of Pm cells

A

SA node, AV node and Purkinje fibres

112
Q

Cardiac pacemaker

A

SA node

113
Q

SA node location

A

posterior wall of RA near SVC

114
Q

AV node location

A

junction btwn A and V near coronary sinus

115
Q

SA node mechanism

A

periodic electric impulses, depol cardiac muscle L and R atria

Fastest depol at SA node. Establishes basic heart rhythm/ sinus rhythm

116
Q

AV node mechanism

A

stim by SA node, delay for empty of A before V contraction due to PM cells less efficient at relaying impulse, conducting cells in AV node quicker- coordination.

AV node depol impulse travel down intervent septum AV bundle of His to P-fibres.

117
Q

P fibres function

A

contract LV and RV

118
Q

max bpm of AVnode and ventricles

A

230bpm

119
Q

why is 230 max bpm?

A

reduced pumping efficiency due to mechanics over 180 bpm

230 bpm only occur when stim by drugs or damage occurred.

120
Q

How does the cardiac skeleton help coordination of heartbeat

A

isolates atrial myocardium from ventricular myocardium so that impulse of SA node only stim A

121
Q

HR regulators

A

ANS control
Catecholamines
Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors

122
Q

Hormonal control of HR

A

Effect SA node

Epinephrine from adr.medulla after active symp nerves innervating tissue. Increases HR and contractility (inotropy). Binds to adrenergic receptors on the heart.

Norepinephrine initial inotropy but longer exposure so overall decline in inotropy. Released by adr.medulla but mostly spillover from symp nerves innervating blood vessels. Bind to adrenergic receptors on heart.

123
Q

ANS control

A

Cardiac plexus

Cardiac centers in MObl

Postganglionic symp neurons located in cervical and upper thoracic ganglia. Vagus nerves carry psymp pregang fibres to small ganglia in cardiac plexus

Sympathetic NS increase HR

Psympathetic NS (Vagus Nerve) decrease HR

Both innervate SA and AV node

More symp fibres in V contractile cells

At rest PSNS dominates, exercise SNS dom.

P/Symp divisions alter HR change ionic permeability of conducting cells esp SA node.

124
Q

nerve network how ANS innervates heart

A

cardiac plexus

125
Q

Cardiac centres in medulla oblongata

A

Cardioacceleratory centre = sympathetic neuron control (increase HR)

Cardioinhibitory center control Psymp neurons (decrease HR). Receive input from P/Symp centers in hypothalamus

126
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Monitor chem characteristics- regulate function of CV and respiratory systems.

Respond to levels of CO2 and pH of blood.

127
Q

Types of chemorec

A

Peripheral CR- Cartoid bodies and aortic bodies

Central CR- Medulla

128
Q

Regulating mechanism of CR

A

High CO2/ Low pH = increased breathing rate to offload CO2, increased HR

Low CO2/ high pH = decreased breathing rate, decreased HR

129
Q

Baroreceptors mechanism

A

• Mechanical, sense change in blood pressure beat-to-beat

Bainbridge reflex

130
Q

BR structures

A

Cartoid sinus senses increase and decrease

Aortic arch senses increase only

131
Q

Cardiac centers in brain respond to

A

Cardiac centres in brain respond to change in BP and CO2/o2 conc from barorec and chemorec

132
Q

Atria systole

A

First step CC
Atria contract, via AV valve fill ventricles 70%, systole ‘tops off’ remaining V space

Blood cannot flow into A from veins due to A pressure exceeding vein pressure at this time. V little backflow due to blood taking path of least resistance

End of AS- EDV

133
Q
  1. Ventricular systole/ atrial diastole
A

2nd step CC
begin at same time

Early VS contraction but not enough pressure to open SL valves. Contract isometrically isovolumetric contraction rising pressure in V but no volume changes.

When pressure in V exceeds arterial trunks, SL valves pushed open, blood into pulmonary and aortic trunks.

Blood ejected= Stroke vol

V pressure falls, SL valves close

VS lasts 270 msec

134
Q
  1. Ventricular diastole/ whole heart relax
A

3rd step in CC

VD lasts 430 msec, filling occurs passively, cycle restarts

135
Q

What happens to CC when HR increases?

A

phases shorter

Diastolic portions reduced by up to 75% when HR climbs to 200 bpm

2 A&P (6 decks)

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