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2 A&P > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Structures of the GI tract

A
  1. Teeth, tongue, oral cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small Intestine
  6. Large Intestine
  7. Anus
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2
Q

Basic function of each structure in GI tract

A
  1. Oral: mechanical processing, secretion
  2. propulsion
  3. transport
  4. mechanical processing, chemical breakdown
  5. enzyme breakdown, digestion and absorption
  6. enzyme digestion and absorption
  7. excretion
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3
Q

Accessory organs

A

Gallbladder, liver, pancreas, salivary glands

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4
Q

Functions within GI/digestive tract

A

ingestion, mech processing, absorption, secretion, digestion, excretion

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5
Q

Peritoneum of the abdo-pelvic cavity structure

A

visceral serous membrane covering surface of organs and parietal layers of cavity.
Layer of mesothelium supported by thin CT layer

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6
Q

How much peritoneal fluid produced per day

A

around 7 litres

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7
Q

function of peritoneum

A

lubrication to allow sliding of organs

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8
Q

Peritoneal mesenteries function

A

suspend digestive tract and provide pathway for bv, nerves and lymphatics

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9
Q

Falsiform mesentary

A

ligament attaching liver to superior peritoneal cavity

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10
Q

Lesser Omentum mesentary

A

attaches liver to stomach

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11
Q

Mesentary Proper

A

suspends SI

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12
Q

Greater Omentum/ Transverse Mesocolon

A

suspends LI

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13
Q

Structure of digestive tract

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa
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14
Q

Mucosa of DT

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium in oral cavity, simple columnar epithelium elsewhere.
  • Lamina Propria cont areolar tissue, lymphatics, bv and nerves
  • Muscularis mucosa inner circular smooth muscle, outer longitudinal muscle
  • mucosal epithelium cont villi and plica circulares
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15
Q

plica circulares

A

large folds of epithelium increasing surface area

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16
Q

submucosa of DT

A

dense irregular CT, large bv and lymph vessels
Exocrine glands secreting buffers and enzymes
submucosa plexus- neural network

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17
Q

Muscularis Externa of DT

A

smooth muscle cells
movement coordinated by enteric NS
Innervated by Psymp
contains sensory, motor and interneurons

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18
Q

movement of materials in DT

A

smooth muscle contraction of muscularis externa and muscularis mucosa.
rhythmic cycles of contraction controlled by pacesetter cells in mucosa

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19
Q

peristalsis

A

non rhythmic, random waves of muscular contraction to push food from esophagus into stomach and churn food in stomach

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20
Q
  1. Oral Cavity functions
A 
pathway for food, air and liquids
chewing/ mech processing
ingestion of food
sensory analysis
secretion and lubrication
limited digestion 
swallowing
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21
Q

Components of OC

A

teeth- chewing and mechanical processing
tongue- smash food, sensory tastebuds, lingual lipases
glands

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22
Q

Salivary glands

A

lubrication, dissolve chemicals- taste/breakdown, initiate digestion of complex carbs- salivary amylase

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23
Q

other glands of OC

A

parotid, sublingual, submandibular.

controlled by parasymp/ symp stimulation

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24
Q
  1. Esophagus function
A

transport food to stomach

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25
Q

structure of esophagus

A

thick muscular wall, sphincter at inferior end, thick epithelial lining, adventitia anchors esophagus to adjacent structures

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26
Q

esophagus muscular wall

A

resting muscle tone in superior 3cm, always slight contraction to prevent food coming back up/ air getting in

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27
Q

esophagus thick epithelial lining

A

protects against sharp food and bacteria

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28
Q

3 phases of swallowing

A
  1. Buccal
  2. Pharyngeal
  3. Esophageal
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29
Q

Buccal phase

A

tongue lifts to push food to back of mouth

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30
Q

Pharyngeal Phase

A

food down pharynx, pushes down epiglottal cartilage to close off airways

31
Q

Esophageal phase

A

food transported to stomach

32
Q
  1. Stomach function
A

store food, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown via enzymes or acid, produce intrinsic factor

33
Q

stomach pH

A

2

34
Q

function of intrinsic factor

A

required for B12 absorption

35
Q

enzymes in stomach

A

pepsin/ amylase

36
Q

acid in stomach

A

HCI

37
Q

HCI secreted by

A

parietal cells

38
Q

Process of HCi secretion

A
  1. carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 and H2o into carbonic acid
    dissociates into H ions and bicarb ions
  2. bicarb ions exchanged for chloride ions via countertransport mech
  3. chloride ions diffuse across cell into lumen of gastric gland
39
Q

Where is HCI mainly formed and how does this protect functional cells?

A

chloride ions diffuse across lumen into gland so formed in gland lumen not in the cells.
protects functional cells against low pH

40
Q

what happens in the blood after a big meal?

A

bicarb ions exchanged into bloodstream to produce HCI. after big meal more bicarb into bstream so more alkaline blood.

41
Q

structural landmarks of stomach

A
  1. fundus
  2. corpus
  3. plyorus
  4. plyoric sphincter
  5. lesser curvature (medial)
  6. greater curvature (lateral)
  7. Rugae
  8. longitudinal, circular, oblique muscle layers
42
Q

Fundus

A

Top portion of stomach

43
Q

Corpus

A

Body of stomach

44
Q

Plyorus

A

Lower portion of stomach

45
Q

Greater Curvature

A

lateral side of stomach. Greater Omentum att

46
Q

Lesser Curvature

A

medial side of stomach

47
Q

plyoric sphincter

A

inferior end of stomach, allows food into SI

48
Q

Rugae

A

ridged lining inside stomach

49
Q

Lining of stomach

A

mucosa- gastric pits connected to gastric glands
smooth muscle- oblique layers
simple columnar epithelium producing mucus

50
Q

Glands of stomach

A

located in fundus and corpus

includes- Parietal cells, G cells, Plyoric glands, Chief cells, D cells

51
Q

Parietal Cells

A

secrete intrinsic factor and HCI

52
Q

G Cells

A

secrete Gastrin hormone which increases stomach activity (muscular contraction and glandular secretion)

53
Q

Chief Cells

A 
secrete pepsinogen (inactive pepsin) 
converted to pepsin by HCI 
prevents breakdown of body proteins
54
Q

Plyoric Glands

A

produce mucus in plyorus, G cells and D cells

55
Q

D Cells

A

secrete somatostatin which inhibits gastrin release => slows down stomach activity

56
Q
  1. Small intestine regions
A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Ileum
  3. Jejunum
57
Q

Ileum

A

3.5m long
contains lymphoid nodules and has immune functions
continues breakdown

58
Q

Duodenum

A

25cm long
receives digestive enzyme secretions from liver and pancreas
starts breakdown
neutralises chyme
contains plica circulares and small villi

59
Q

Jejunum

A

2.5m long
location of most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
prominent plica circulares and villi

60
Q

Intestinal Wall contains

A

large villi, lacteals, intestinal crypts

mucosa, submuc, muscularis externa, serosa

61
Q

Lacteals structure and function

A

Lymphatic vessel to transport fats. contains capillary network in villi. Usually milky white

62
Q

Process of lacteal fat absorption

A

fats absorbed through wall into lacteal, transported through IVC

63
Q

Intestinal crypt function

A

rapid stem cell division at base of epithelium to replace lining and secretions of enzymes into lumen
contain intestinal glands
Brush border enzymes

64
Q

Intestinal glands function

A

contained within crypts
produce mucus to increase pH
produce intestinal juice
ex. duodenal glands

65
Q

Intestinal juice function

A

moisten chyme, keeps contents in solution, buffers acids

66
Q

Brush Border enzymes function

A

integral membrane proteins on intestinal microvilli. Breakdown materials in contact with brush border

67
Q

Proteins on brush border

A

enteropeptidase and enteroendocrine cells

68
Q

Enteropeptidase function

A

activates pancreatic proenzyme trypsinogen into trypsin in duodenum

69
Q

Enteroendocrine cells function

A

produce hormones in response to changes in pH/ nutrients
Cholecystokinin and secretin
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

70
Q

Cholecystokinin and Secretin

A

increase enzyme/ bile secretion

71
Q

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

A

inhibits gastrin activity

72
Q

Gallbladder function

A

bile storage and concentration

73
Q

Liver- avg L of bile per day

A

around 1L

74
Q

How is bile transported

A

via bile ducts

2 A&P (6 decks)

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