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2 A&P > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Structures of the GI tract

A
  1. Teeth, tongue, oral cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small Intestine
  6. Large Intestine
  7. Anus
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2
Q

Basic function of each structure in GI tract

A
  1. Oral: mechanical processing, secretion
  2. propulsion
  3. transport
  4. mechanical processing, chemical breakdown
  5. enzyme breakdown, digestion and absorption
  6. enzyme digestion and absorption
  7. excretion
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3
Q

Accessory organs

A

Gallbladder, liver, pancreas, salivary glands

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4
Q

Functions within GI/digestive tract

A

ingestion, mech processing, absorption, secretion, digestion, excretion

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5
Q

Peritoneum of the abdo-pelvic cavity structure

A

visceral serous membrane covering surface of organs and parietal layers of cavity.
Layer of mesothelium supported by thin CT layer

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6
Q

How much peritoneal fluid produced per day

A

around 7 litres

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7
Q

function of peritoneum

A

lubrication to allow sliding of organs

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8
Q

Peritoneal mesenteries function

A

suspend digestive tract and provide pathway for bv, nerves and lymphatics

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9
Q

Falsiform mesentary

A

ligament attaching liver to superior peritoneal cavity

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10
Q

Lesser Omentum mesentary

A

attaches liver to stomach

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11
Q

Mesentary Proper

A

suspends SI

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12
Q

Greater Omentum/ Transverse Mesocolon

A

suspends LI

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13
Q

Structure of digestive tract

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa
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14
Q

Mucosa of DT

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium in oral cavity, simple columnar epithelium elsewhere.
  • Lamina Propria cont areolar tissue, lymphatics, bv and nerves
  • Muscularis mucosa inner circular smooth muscle, outer longitudinal muscle
  • mucosal epithelium cont villi and plica circulares
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15
Q

plica circulares

A

large folds of epithelium increasing surface area

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16
Q

submucosa of DT

A

dense irregular CT, large bv and lymph vessels
Exocrine glands secreting buffers and enzymes
submucosa plexus- neural network

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17
Q

Muscularis Externa of DT

A

smooth muscle cells
movement coordinated by enteric NS
Innervated by Psymp
contains sensory, motor and interneurons

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18
Q

movement of materials in DT

A

smooth muscle contraction of muscularis externa and muscularis mucosa.
rhythmic cycles of contraction controlled by pacesetter cells in mucosa

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19
Q

peristalsis

A

non rhythmic, random waves of muscular contraction to push food from esophagus into stomach and churn food in stomach

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20
Q
  1. Oral Cavity functions
A 
pathway for food, air and liquids
chewing/ mech processing
ingestion of food
sensory analysis
secretion and lubrication
limited digestion 
swallowing
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21
Q

Components of OC

A

teeth- chewing and mechanical processing
tongue- smash food, sensory tastebuds, lingual lipases
glands

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22
Q

Salivary glands

A

lubrication, dissolve chemicals- taste/breakdown, initiate digestion of complex carbs- salivary amylase

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23
Q

other glands of OC

A

parotid, sublingual, submandibular.

controlled by parasymp/ symp stimulation

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24
Q
  1. Esophagus function
A

transport food to stomach

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25
structure of esophagus
thick muscular wall, sphincter at inferior end, thick epithelial lining, adventitia anchors esophagus to adjacent structures
26
esophagus muscular wall
resting muscle tone in superior 3cm, always slight contraction to prevent food coming back up/ air getting in
27
esophagus thick epithelial lining
protects against sharp food and bacteria
28
3 phases of swallowing
1. Buccal 2. Pharyngeal 3. Esophageal
29
Buccal phase
tongue lifts to push food to back of mouth
30
Pharyngeal Phase
food down pharynx, pushes down epiglottal cartilage to close off airways
31
Esophageal phase
food transported to stomach
32
4. Stomach function
store food, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown via enzymes or acid, produce intrinsic factor
33
stomach pH
2
34
function of intrinsic factor
required for B12 absorption
35
enzymes in stomach
pepsin/ amylase
36
acid in stomach
HCI
37
HCI secreted by
parietal cells
38
Process of HCi secretion
1. carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 and H2o into carbonic acid dissociates into H ions and bicarb ions 2. bicarb ions exchanged for chloride ions via countertransport mech 3. chloride ions diffuse across cell into lumen of gastric gland
39
Where is HCI mainly formed and how does this protect functional cells?
chloride ions diffuse across lumen into gland so formed in gland lumen not in the cells. protects functional cells against low pH
40
what happens in the blood after a big meal?
bicarb ions exchanged into bloodstream to produce HCI. after big meal more bicarb into bstream so more alkaline blood.
41
structural landmarks of stomach
1. fundus 2. corpus 3. plyorus 4. plyoric sphincter 5. lesser curvature (medial) 6. greater curvature (lateral) 7. Rugae 8. longitudinal, circular, oblique muscle layers
42
Fundus
Top portion of stomach
43
Corpus
Body of stomach
44
Plyorus
Lower portion of stomach
45
Greater Curvature
lateral side of stomach. Greater Omentum att
46
Lesser Curvature
medial side of stomach
47
plyoric sphincter
inferior end of stomach, allows food into SI
48
Rugae
ridged lining inside stomach
49
Lining of stomach
mucosa- gastric pits connected to gastric glands smooth muscle- oblique layers simple columnar epithelium producing mucus
50
Glands of stomach
located in fundus and corpus | includes- Parietal cells, G cells, Plyoric glands, Chief cells, D cells
51
Parietal Cells
secrete intrinsic factor and HCI
52
G Cells
secrete Gastrin hormone which increases stomach activity (muscular contraction and glandular secretion)
53
Chief Cells
``` secrete pepsinogen (inactive pepsin) converted to pepsin by HCI prevents breakdown of body proteins ```
54
Plyoric Glands
produce mucus in plyorus, G cells and D cells
55
D Cells
secrete somatostatin which inhibits gastrin release => slows down stomach activity
56
5. Small intestine regions
1. Duodenum 2. Ileum 3. Jejunum
57
Ileum
3.5m long contains lymphoid nodules and has immune functions continues breakdown
58
Duodenum
25cm long receives digestive enzyme secretions from liver and pancreas starts breakdown neutralises chyme contains plica circulares and small villi
59
Jejunum
2.5m long location of most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption prominent plica circulares and villi
60
Intestinal Wall contains
large villi, lacteals, intestinal crypts | mucosa, submuc, muscularis externa, serosa
61
Lacteals structure and function
Lymphatic vessel to transport fats. contains capillary network in villi. Usually milky white
62
Process of lacteal fat absorption
fats absorbed through wall into lacteal, transported through IVC
63
Intestinal crypt function
rapid stem cell division at base of epithelium to replace lining and secretions of enzymes into lumen contain intestinal glands Brush border enzymes
64
Intestinal glands function
contained within crypts produce mucus to increase pH produce intestinal juice ex. duodenal glands
65
Intestinal juice function
moisten chyme, keeps contents in solution, buffers acids
66
Brush Border enzymes function
integral membrane proteins on intestinal microvilli. Breakdown materials in contact with brush border
67
Proteins on brush border
enteropeptidase and enteroendocrine cells
68
Enteropeptidase function
activates pancreatic proenzyme trypsinogen into trypsin in duodenum
69
Enteroendocrine cells function
produce hormones in response to changes in pH/ nutrients Cholecystokinin and secretin Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
70
Cholecystokinin and Secretin
increase enzyme/ bile secretion
71
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
inhibits gastrin activity
72
Gallbladder function
bile storage and concentration
73
Liver- avg L of bile per day
around 1L
74
How is bile transported
via bile ducts

2 A&P (6 decks)

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