W1 - PA, sedentary behaviour & heath

Question 1

Define Health

Who defined it?

Answer 1

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 1948)

Question 2

Define Physical Activity

How defined it?

Answer 2

“any bodily movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase in energy expenditure above resting levels”
(Caspersen et al. 1985)

Question 3

Who created a more holistic view of physical activity?

Answer 3

(Piggin, 2020)

Question 4

Define:
exercise
Physical fitness
Physical activity contexts

Answer 4

• Exercise - “physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and results in improvement or maintenance of one or more facets of physical fitness” (Caspersen et al. 1985)
  
  • Physical Fitness - “a set of attributes (cardiorespiratory endurance, power, etc.) that people have or achieve that relate to their ability to perform physical activity” (Caspersen et al. 1985)
    –> Physical activity contexts: sport(elite & recreational), leisure time, work, transport, household chores

Question 5

What are the different classifications of physical activity intensity?

Answer 5

rest - sitting = 1.0 MET
light - slow walking = <3.0 MET
moderate - brisk walk = 3.0-6.0 MET
hard/vigorous - fast cycle = >6.0

Question 6

What is meant by:
- sedentary behaviour
- morbidity
- wellness
- physical inactivity
- screen time

Answer 6

• Sedentary Behaviour - “any waking behaviour characterised by an energy expenditure ≤1.5 METs while in a sitting, lying or reclining posture” (Tremblay et al., 2017)
  
  • Morbidity – any departure from a state of physical or psychological well-being, short of death (Bouchard et al. 2012)
  • Wellness – a holistic concept, describing a state of positive health, comprising physical, social and psychological wellbeing (Bouchard et al. 2012)
  • Physical Inactivity - An insufficient physical activity level to meet present physical activity recommendations
  • Screen Time - Time spent on screen-based behaviours, can be performed while being sedentary or physically active.

Question 7

Describe the epidemiological transition that has been seen in recent years

Why is there an increase in the global number of chronic diseases?

Answer 7

• Chronic diseases are the leading cause of mortality in the world (before Covid-19), representing 74% of all deaths in 2019 (WHO, 2020)
  
  • ~15 million people die prematurely (aged 30-69 yrs) from chronic diseases annually
  • Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases and diabetes in 2018. These 4 groups of diseases accounted for >80% of all premature deaths in 2018.

–> chronic diseases caused by metabolic overload by intake of high calorie diets with excessive fats and carbohydrates, little exercise and a lot of tobacco and alcohol.
–> can be controlled by behaviour and lifestyle