W1-L2: Enzymes & ATP

Question 1

What are Enzymes?

5

Answer 1

• Are highly specific and large protein catalysts
• Accelerate rates of chemical reactions in either direction
• Are not consumed or changed during reaction
• Only govern reactions that normally take place but at much slower rate
• Reduced activation energy

chnage in free energy is the same

Question 2

How do Enzymes Work?

4

Answer 2

1. Substrate matches active site of enzyme
2. Enzyme-Substrate Complex Forms
3. ESC Splits to yeild products (hydrolysis)
4. Enzyme can be reused

Question 3

What are Co-enzymes

Answer 3

• Are nonprotein organic substances
• Help facilitate enzyme action by binding the substrate with a specific enzyme
• Less specific than an enzyme

Question 4

What is Competitive Inhibition?

Answer 4

Competitive inhibitors:
resemble the structure of of the normal substrate for an enzyme

Question 5

What is Noncompetitive Inhibition?

Answer 5

Noncompetitive inhibitors:
do not resemble the enzymes substrate and do not bind to its active site

• Bind at a different site to change the enzyme’s structure and ability to catalyze the reaction

Question 6

What is Hydrolysis?
(Water Breakdown)

Answer 6

• Digest or degrade complex carbohydrate, lipid, and protein molecules into simpler forms the body absorbs
• Splits chemical bonds by adding H + & OH - to the reaction byproducts

Question 7

What is Condensation?

Answer 7

Structural components of nutrients bind together to form more complex molecules and compounds

Ex: Glucose and glucose to maltose when u remove water

Question 8

What is Oxidation?

Answer 8

Oxidation (always involves electron loss)
* Reactions that transfer oxygen, hydrogen atoms, or electrons

OIL RIG

Question 9

What is Reduction?

Answer 9

Reduction (always involves electron gain)
* Any process in which atoms in an element gain electrons, with a corresponding net decrease in valence

OIL RIG

Question 10

What is a Reducing agent?

Answer 10

Substance that donates or loses electrons as it oxidizes

Question 11

What is an Oxidizing agent?

Answer 11

Substance being reduced or gaining electrons

Question 12

What is ATP?

Answer 12

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The energy currency

The PE within ATP powers all of the cell’s energy-requiring processes
* Extract PE from food and conserve it within the bonds of ATP
* Extract and transfer the chemical energy in ATP to power biologic work

Question 13

Anabolism vs Catabolism

Answer 13

Question 14

How do we Maintain ATP supply?

Answer 14

make card

Question 15

At rest, how much ATP does the body store?

Answer 15

• Under normal resting conditions the body stores only 90-100g of ATP, enough to power explosive, all-out physical activity

Question 16

Why dont we store alot of ATP?

Answer 16

We don’t store a lot of ATP for several reasons:

1. Instability and Reactivity: ATP is a highly reactive molecule with a short half-life, which means it is not stable enough for long-term storage.
2. Space and Efficiency: ATP is a relatively large molecule, and storing large amounts of it would take up considerable space within cells. Instead, cells store energy in more stable and compact forms such as fats and glycogen.
3. Dynamic Energy Needs: ATP is generated and used rapidly within cells to meet immediate energy needs. The cell’s metabolic pathways are highly efficient at producing ATP on demand from other stored energy sources like glucose and fatty acids.
4. Energetic Cost: Constantly synthesizing and maintaining large amounts of ATP would be energetically costly. Cells have evolved efficient regulatory mechanisms to produce ATP as needed, thus conserving energy and resources.

By storing energy in stable forms and converting it to ATP when necessary, cells maintain a balance between energy availability and efficiency.