W1-L1: Nutrition & Energy

Question 1

Carbohydrates

What are Monosaccharides?

Answer 1

basic unit of a carb
glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 2

Carbohydrates

What are Oligosaccharides?

Answer 2

2-10 monosaccharides bonded chemically
disaccahrides - sucrose, lactose and maltose

Question 3

Carbohydrates

What are Polysaccharides?

Answer 3

linkages of many monosaccahirides
(more than 10)
Ex. Starch, Glucose, etc.

Question 4

What are the roles of carbohydrates in the body?

4

Answer 4

• energy fuel (during inyense excersize)
• preserves tissue proteins
• metabolic primer/prevents ketosis
• CNS requires an uniterupted stream of carbs for proprer function

Question 5

What are the 3 Types of Lipids?

Answer 5

1. Simple lipids: primarily consists of triglycerides
2. Compund lipids: Triacyglycerol component combined w/ other chemicals, phospholipids)
3. Derived Lipids: simple and compound lipid. Example: Cholesterol

Question 6

What are roles of lipids in the body?

Answer 6

• energy source and reseve
• protects vital organs
• thermal insulation
• Vitamin carrier and hunger suppressor

light and moderate times of excersizes

Question 7

What are Proteins?
What are complete vs incomplete proteins?

Answer 7

• Combinations of linked amino acids
• Have essential and nonessential amino acids
• Complete proteins: foods that contain all of the essential amino acids in the quantity and correct ratio
• Incomplete proteins: lacks one or more essential amino acids

8 essesential - from diet
12 non-essential - body produces

Question 8

What are the Role of Protein in the Body?

5

Answer 8

(1) provide the major building blocks for synthesizing tissue
(2) Activate vitamins that play a key role in metabolic and physiologic regulation
(3) Serve as a primary constituents for plasma membranes and internal cellular material
(4) Compose hair, skin, nails, bones tendons, ligaments
(5) Actin and myosin are structural proteins

Question 9

Energy value of food
calorie

Answer 9

A calorie or kilocalorie (kcal) expresses the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature
1 kg or 1 L of water 1 degree °C
* Example: food containing 350 kcal can increase the temperature of 350 L of water 1 degree

bomb calorimeter

Question 10

fyi

Answer 10

Question 11

average kcal per group

Answer 11

Question 12

Energy transfer

Answer 12

The breakdown of ingested food nutrients provides the energy
source for synthesizing the chemical fuel that powers all forms of
biologic work

Question 13

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 13

energy cannot be created or destroyed but transforms from one form to another without being depleted

Answer 14

• As biologic work increases, energy transfer increases
• Biologic work is expressed in mechanical units
• Emerges only when a change takes place
• Bioenergetics
• Flow and energy exchange within a living system
• An expression of the conservation of energy principle
• The body does not produce, consume, or
  use up energy; instead, it transforms energy
  from one state into another as physiologic systems undergo
  continual change

Question 15

Exergonic (catabolic) Energy:

Answer 15

Any physical or chemical process that releases energy to surroundings (“downhill” process) with free energy decline
delta G negative

Question 16

Endergonic (anabolic) Energy:

Answer 16

Chemical reactions that store or absorb energy (“uphill” process) with free energy increase for biologic work
delta G positive

Question 17

Gibbs Free Energy Equation

Answer 17

∆G = ∆H − T(∆S)

H= Enthalpy
S= Entropy

Question 18

Total Energy = Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy

Answer 18

Example of potential and kinetic energy

Question 19

In what direction does the trasfer of PE proceed in?

Answer 19

Transfer of potential energy always proceeds in a direction that
decreases capacity to perform work

Question 20

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 20

• Tendency of potential energy to degrade to kinetic energy of motion with a lower capacity for work
• All potential energy in a system degrades to the unusable form of kinetic or heat energy
• Total energy in a system remains constant; a decrease in one energy form matches the equivalent energy increase in another form

Question 21

Forms of energy

Answer 21

Question 22

What are the 3 Methods of Biological work?

Answer 22

1) Mechanical Work of muscle action
(2) Chemical Work that synthesizes cellular molecules such as glycogen, triacylglycerol, and protein
(3) Transport Work that concentrates substances such as Na+ and K+ ions in the intracellular and extracellular fluids

Question 23

Equations - NTK

Work
Power
Energy

Answer 23

Work = Force X Distance
Power = Work / Time
Energy = The ability to do work (stored work)