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Question 1

PaO2 for severe hypoxia

Answer 1

PaO2 < 8kPa

Question 2

normal PaCO2 on blood gas

Answer 2

4.5 - 6.0 kPa

Question 3

low oxygen

normal Co2

Answer 3

Type 1 resp failure

Question 4

low oxygen

high CO2

Answer 4

type 2 resp failure

Question 5

what is FEV1 & FVC pattern in obstructuve spirometry

Answer 5

COPD & asthma
emphysema
bronchiectasis
cystic fibrosis

FEV1 is reduced more than FVC
FEV1 < 80%
FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.7

Question 6

what is FEV1 & FVC pattern in restrictive spirometry

Answer 6

lung fibrosis

FVC is reduced
FEV1 80%
FVC 80%
FEV1/FVC ratio is normal or raised

Question 7

causes of restrictive lung disease

Answer 7

pulmonary fibrosis 
pulmonary oedema 
pneumonectomy 
parenchymal lung tumours 
Pneumoconiosis

Question 8

causes of obstructive lung disease

Answer 8

COPD
asthma 
emphysema 
bronchiectasis 
cystic fibrosis

Question 9

chronic infection of the bronchi & bronchioles leading to permanent dilatation of the airways ..?

Answer 9

Bronchiectasis

Question 10

4 main causative organisms of bronchiectasis

Answer 10

Haemophilus influenza
Strep pneumoniae
Staph aureus
Pseudonomas aeruginosa

Question 11

symptoms of bronchiectasis

Answer 11

• persistent cough
• copious amounts of sputum
• intermittent haemoptysis

Question 12

inheritance of cystic fibrosis?

Answer 12

autosomal dominant

Question 13

gene and chromosome mutation in CF

Answer 13

mutation in CFTR gene on chromosome 7

Question 14

role of CFTR protein

Answer 14

Chloride channel. Defect leads to a combination of defective chloride secretion & increased sodium absorption across airway epithelium

Question 15

GI symptoms of CF

Answer 15

• pancreatic insufficiency: DM, steatorrhoea
• gallstones
• cirrhosis

Question 16

diagnosis of CF

Answer 16

• sweat test (>60 mmol/L)

Question 17

screening test for exocrine pancreatic dysfunction?

Answer 17

faecal elastase

Question 18

Gastrointestinal management of cystic fibrosis

Answer 18

• pancreatic enzyme replacement
• ursodeoxycholic acid for impaired liver function
• fat soluble vitamin supplements (ADEK)

Question 19

side effects of Isoniazid (2)

Answer 19

• peripheral neuropathy

- eye damage

Question 20

granulomatous inflammatory condition

Answer 20

Sarcoidosis

Question 21

2 extra pulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis

Answer 21

• erythema nodosum

- lymphadenopathy

Question 22

liver pathology in sarcoidosis?

Answer 22

• liver nodules
• cirrhosis
• cholestasis

Question 23

eye manifestations in sarcoidosis (3)

Answer 23

• uveitis
• conjunctivitis
• optic neuritis

Question 24

describe erythema nodosum

Answer 24

Tender, red nodules on the shins caused by inflammation of the subcutaneous fat

Question 25

what is Lupus pernio

Answer 25

raised purple skin lesions commonly on cheeks and nose

Question 26

Heart manifestations in sarcoidosis (3)

Answer 26

• heart block
• bundle branch block
• myocardial muscle involvement

Question 27

kidney manifestations of sarcoidosis (3)

Answer 27

• kidney stones
• nephrocalcinosis
• intersitial nephritis

Question 28

what is Lofgren’s syndrome triad?

Answer 28

• erythema nodosum
• polyarthralgia
• bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy

Question 29

marker raised in sarcoidosis

Answer 29

Serum ACE

Question 30

Histology in sarcoidosis

Answer 30

non-caseating granulomas with epithelioid cells

Question 31

what electrolyte is raised in Sarcoidosis

Answer 31

Calcium

Question 32

CXR finding in sarcoidosis

Answer 32

hilar lymphadenopathy

Question 33

gold standard for sarcoidosis diagnosis?

Answer 33

biopsy w/ histology

Question 34

treatment for sarcoidosis when required?

Answer 34

oral steroids for between 6 & 24 months

Question 35

2nd line trx for sarcoidosis

Answer 35

methotrexate/azathioprine