w Flashcards
PaO2 for severe hypoxia
PaO2 < 8kPa
normal PaCO2 on blood gas
4.5 - 6.0 kPa
low oxygen
normal Co2
Type 1 resp failure
low oxygen
high CO2
type 2 resp failure
what is FEV1 & FVC pattern in obstructuve spirometry
COPD & asthma
emphysema
bronchiectasis
cystic fibrosis
FEV1 is reduced more than FVC
FEV1 < 80%
FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.7
what is FEV1 & FVC pattern in restrictive spirometry
lung fibrosis
FVC is reduced
FEV1 80%
FVC 80%
FEV1/FVC ratio is normal or raised
causes of restrictive lung disease
pulmonary fibrosis pulmonary oedema pneumonectomy parenchymal lung tumours Pneumoconiosis
causes of obstructive lung disease
COPD asthma emphysema bronchiectasis cystic fibrosis
chronic infection of the bronchi & bronchioles leading to permanent dilatation of the airways ..?
Bronchiectasis
4 main causative organisms of bronchiectasis
Haemophilus influenza
Strep pneumoniae
Staph aureus
Pseudonomas aeruginosa
symptoms of bronchiectasis
- persistent cough
- copious amounts of sputum
- intermittent haemoptysis
inheritance of cystic fibrosis?
autosomal dominant
gene and chromosome mutation in CF
mutation in CFTR gene on chromosome 7
role of CFTR protein
Chloride channel. Defect leads to a combination of defective chloride secretion & increased sodium absorption across airway epithelium
GI symptoms of CF
- pancreatic insufficiency: DM, steatorrhoea
- gallstones
- cirrhosis
diagnosis of CF
- sweat test (>60 mmol/L)
screening test for exocrine pancreatic dysfunction?
faecal elastase
Gastrointestinal management of cystic fibrosis
- pancreatic enzyme replacement
- ursodeoxycholic acid for impaired liver function
- fat soluble vitamin supplements (ADEK)
side effects of Isoniazid (2)
- peripheral neuropathy
- eye damage
granulomatous inflammatory condition
Sarcoidosis
2 extra pulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis
- erythema nodosum
- lymphadenopathy
liver pathology in sarcoidosis?
- liver nodules
- cirrhosis
- cholestasis
eye manifestations in sarcoidosis (3)
- uveitis
- conjunctivitis
- optic neuritis
describe erythema nodosum
Tender, red nodules on the shins caused by inflammation of the subcutaneous fat
