COPD Flashcards
2 medications for smoking cessation
1) Varenicline
2) Bupropion
vaccinations for COPD patients
annual influenza
and one off pneumococcal
5 causes of renal loss of H +
- HF
- loop & thiazide diuretics
- cirrhosis
- nephrotic syndrome
- conns syndrome
ECG changes in cor pulmonale (right heart failure)
- P pulmonale
- right axis deviation
- right ventricular hypertrophy/strain
RVH ECG changes
larger R waves on the right sided chest leads (V1-3) and S waves on the left sided chest leads (V4-6)
definition of COPD
non reversible long term deterioration in air flow through the lungs caused by lung tissue damage
list the 5 MRC dyspnoea scale
1 - SoB on strenuous exercise 2 - SoB on walking unphill 3 - SoB walking flat 4 - stop to catch breath when walking 100m on flat 5 - unable to leave house
4 stages of severity of COPD as per FEV1
1) FEV1 > 80%
2) FEV1: 50-79%
3) FEV1: 30-49%
4) FEV1: < 30%
symptoms of hypercapnia
- flapping tremor
- dilated pupils
- bounding pulse
- myoclonus
- confusion
- coma
- drowsiness
CXR signs of hyperinflated lungs
- increased AP diameter
- flattened hemidiaphgram
- increased intercostal spaces
- hyperlucent lungs
4 bacterial organisms in infective exacerbations of COPD
- Haemophilus influenza
- Streptococcus pneumonia
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Pseduonomas aeruginosa
pathophysiology of COPD
inflammatory response to toxins through tobacco smoking causing loss of elasticity & alveolar recoil & alveolar collapse during expiration
and inflammation and scarring leads to narrowing of small airways
& mucus secretion blocks airways
example of LAMA & side effects
Tiotropium
- dry mouth
- nausea
- headache
example of xanthine & mechanism & side effects
- phosphodiesterase inhibitor
- increases CAMP & increases bronchodilation
side effects
- tachycardia
- arrhythmia
- agitation
example of mucolytic
carbocysteine
decreases sputum viscosity
