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GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 - HAZARDS > volcanic - MONTSERRAT > Flashcards

volcanic - MONTSERRAT Flashcards

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1
Q

volcano name

A

Chance Peak, Soufriere Hills

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2
Q

years of discontinuous eruptions

A

1995-2000

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3
Q

montserrat plate boundary

A

destructive - North and South American plates sliding below Caribbean plate

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4
Q

death and injury

A

19 dead (1997), over 100 injured

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5
Q

impact on infrastructure

A

bramble airport and ports closed

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6
Q

impacts of ash

A

buried Plymouth
75% of the island covered
destroyed farmland

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7
Q

population

A

before eruption: 12,000
today: under 5,000

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8
Q

evacuation

A

50% of population were evacuated north to live in makeshift shelters

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9
Q

british help

A

£41 million in relief aid
£75 million for long term development
citizens offered a chance to migrate to England and live in Moss Side council housing

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10
Q

the “… plate subducts beneath the … plate”

A

North American Plate subducts beneath the Caribbean Plate

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11
Q

part of the … island chain

A

Lesser Antilles

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12
Q

Plymouth

A

capital of Montserrat, suffering damaged homes, schools, places of business and the only airport and hospital; this was due to lahars and pyroclastic flows.
was home to over 1/3 population.
plymouth is now covered in ash and has been abandoned

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13
Q

an … was built to monitor volcanic activity. 24/7 using GPS

A

observatory

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14
Q

there is an … around the volcano, which includes Plymouth

A

exclusion zone

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15
Q

a long-term response includes the focusing of developing in … of the island

A

north

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16
Q

size of the island “.. by …” km (smaller number first)

A

10 by 16

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17
Q

financial and humanitarian aid was provided by the …, of which Montserrat is an overseas territory

A

UK

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18
Q

a short term response included the … of Plymouth

A

evacuation

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19
Q

tourism

A

accounted for a quarter of the islands income and unemployment rose sharply as this industry collapsed in the short-term

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20
Q

2005, a new … was opened in the North of the Island

A

airport

21
Q

date of first eruption

A

18th june 1995

22
Q

amount of vegetation destroyed by ash, lahars and pyroclastic flow

A

1/3

23
Q

name of the new capital

A

little bay

24
Q

jobs generated by new development

A

600

25
Q

what type of volcanoes are most of the islands

A

most of the islands are composite volcanoes, formed as a result of previous eruptions

26
Q

what happened one month after the eruption

A

evacuation in the south, residents were moved to churches and halls in
north of the island

27
Q

april 1996

A

entire population was forced to leave the capital – Plymouth

28
Q

eruption happened

A

25, June 1997

29
Q

what happened during the eruption

A

dome of volcano collapses, sending 5 million cubic metres of hot rocks and gases down
its sides.

30
Q

what was the south of the island covered in

A

south of island was covered in pyroclastic flows of hot ash, rocks, boulders and lahars

31
Q

fires started due to pyroclastic flows and killed …..

A

19 people

32
Q

how many houses were buried by ash/flattened by rocks

A

2/3

33
Q

what happened to the airport

A

completely destroyed

34
Q

other statistics

A

farmland, vegetation and ¾ of all other infrastructure was destroyed
more than ½ of the population was evacuated to Antigua, the US and UK

35
Q

short term responses

A

montserrat volcano observatory was set up in 1995
exclusion zones were defined in the south of the island
NGOs set up temporary schools and provided medical support and food
warning systems were set up to alert inhabitants
troops from the US and the British Navy came to aid the evacuation process.

36
Q

what was so good about the montserrat volcano observatory

A

predicted the eruption on 25 June 1997

37
Q

example of an NGO that helped

A

red cross

38
Q

examples of the warning systems set up

A

sirens, speaker systems and via the media

39
Q

how much was paid in aid and what was it used for

A

£17 million in aid paid for temporary buildings and water purification systems

40
Q

long term responses

A

3 year redevelopment programme
granting of full residency in UK
exclusion zones remained

41
Q

what was included in the 3 year development programme

A

3 year development programme for houses, schools and medical services etc. was funded by
the UK

42
Q

what happened in 1998

A

people of Monserrat granted full residency rights in the UK, allowing them to choose if
they’d like to migrate

43
Q

what happened in 2005

A

many people had moved back, but the south remained an exclusion zone
the population is less than half of what it was in 1995 = 5250

44
Q

when did vegetation start to regrow

A

as ash, lava and lahar deposits break down

45
Q

fertile soil allowed for ….

A

land to be used again for cash crops such as cotton

46
Q

how much of the island remained as an exclusion zone

A

2/3

47
Q

when are warning sirens tested

A

daily
12:00 noon

48
Q

what has uk financial aid exceeded

A

exceeded £420 million since 1995

GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 - HAZARDS (9 decks)

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