volcanic - MONTSERRAT Flashcards
volcano name
Chance Peak, Soufriere Hills
years of discontinuous eruptions
1995-2000
montserrat plate boundary
destructive - North and South American plates sliding below Caribbean plate
death and injury
19 dead (1997), over 100 injured
impact on infrastructure
bramble airport and ports closed
impacts of ash
buried Plymouth
75% of the island covered
destroyed farmland
population
before eruption: 12,000
today: under 5,000
evacuation
50% of population were evacuated north to live in makeshift shelters
british help
£41 million in relief aid
£75 million for long term development
citizens offered a chance to migrate to England and live in Moss Side council housing
the “… plate subducts beneath the … plate”
North American Plate subducts beneath the Caribbean Plate
part of the … island chain
Lesser Antilles
Plymouth
capital of Montserrat, suffering damaged homes, schools, places of business and the only airport and hospital; this was due to lahars and pyroclastic flows.
was home to over 1/3 population.
plymouth is now covered in ash and has been abandoned
an … was built to monitor volcanic activity. 24/7 using GPS
observatory
there is an … around the volcano, which includes Plymouth
exclusion zone
a long-term response includes the focusing of developing in … of the island
north
size of the island “.. by …” km (smaller number first)
10 by 16
financial and humanitarian aid was provided by the …, of which Montserrat is an overseas territory
UK
a short term response included the … of Plymouth
evacuation
tourism
accounted for a quarter of the islands income and unemployment rose sharply as this industry collapsed in the short-term
2005, a new … was opened in the North of the Island
airport
date of first eruption
18th june 1995
amount of vegetation destroyed by ash, lahars and pyroclastic flow
1/3
name of the new capital
little bay
jobs generated by new development
600
what type of volcanoes are most of the islands
most of the islands are composite volcanoes, formed as a result of previous eruptions
what happened one month after the eruption
evacuation in the south, residents were moved to churches and halls in
north of the island
april 1996
entire population was forced to leave the capital – Plymouth
eruption happened
25, June 1997
what happened during the eruption
dome of volcano collapses, sending 5 million cubic metres of hot rocks and gases down
its sides.
what was the south of the island covered in
south of island was covered in pyroclastic flows of hot ash, rocks, boulders and lahars
fires started due to pyroclastic flows and killed …..
19 people
how many houses were buried by ash/flattened by rocks
2/3
what happened to the airport
completely destroyed
other statistics
farmland, vegetation and ¾ of all other infrastructure was destroyed
more than ½ of the population was evacuated to Antigua, the US and UK
short term responses
montserrat volcano observatory was set up in 1995
exclusion zones were defined in the south of the island
NGOs set up temporary schools and provided medical support and food
warning systems were set up to alert inhabitants
troops from the US and the British Navy came to aid the evacuation process.
what was so good about the montserrat volcano observatory
predicted the eruption on 25 June 1997
example of an NGO that helped
red cross
examples of the warning systems set up
sirens, speaker systems and via the media
how much was paid in aid and what was it used for
£17 million in aid paid for temporary buildings and water purification systems
long term responses
3 year redevelopment programme
granting of full residency in UK
exclusion zones remained
what was included in the 3 year development programme
3 year development programme for houses, schools and medical services etc. was funded by
the UK
what happened in 1998
people of Monserrat granted full residency rights in the UK, allowing them to choose if
they’d like to migrate
what happened in 2005
many people had moved back, but the south remained an exclusion zone
the population is less than half of what it was in 1995 = 5250
when did vegetation start to regrow
as ash, lava and lahar deposits break down
fertile soil allowed for ….
land to be used again for cash crops such as cotton
how much of the island remained as an exclusion zone
2/3
when are warning sirens tested
daily
12:00 noon
what has uk financial aid exceeded
exceeded £420 million since 1995
