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GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 - HAZARDS > seismic - INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI > Flashcards

seismic - INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI Flashcards

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1
Q

when did it happen

A

26 December 2004

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2
Q

what magnitude was the EQ

A

9.0-9.3

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3
Q

what plate boundary

A

Convergent = Indian plate subducts underneath the Burma plate

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4
Q

what did the EQ lead to …

A

… caused a tsunami that travelled thousands of km across the Indian Ocean

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5
Q

how many people were killed

A

300,000

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6
Q

what did scientists do that wasn’t good

A

scientists knew in advance that southern Asia was going to be hit, but warnings were too late – radio and television alerts were not broadcasted in Thailand until an hour after the first wave hit

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7
Q

what happened 15mins post initial EQ

A

waves reaching 20m tall hit Sumatra

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8
Q

primary impacts

A

up to 3000 died
vegetation and top soil removed
infrastructure was destroyed
coastal settlements were devasted

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9
Q

how far inland was top soil and vegetation removed

A

up to 800m inland

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10
Q

what infrastructure was destroyed

A

Andaman and Nicobar Islands jetties were washed away

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11
Q

example of a coastal settlement that was destroyed

A

Banda Aceh in Sumatra was obliterated

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12
Q

secondary impacts

A

widespread homelessness
economies devastated
negative multiplier effect
water supplies and soils = contaminated by salt water
rich-poor gap increased

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13
Q

how many left homeless

A

500,000 people forced into refugee camps in the worst hit regions
in Indonesia

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14
Q

what economies were devastated

A

fishing, agriculture and tourism sectors
44% of pop. living in Aceh
Province, Indonesia lost their livelihoods
thailand = cost to fishing industry was £226m

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15
Q

what impact did the negative multiplier effect have on sri lanka

A

loss of fishing vessels
resulted in fewer catches – less likely to reach market because of fewer refrigerated trucks and
the widespread damage to infrastructure

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16
Q

immediate responses

A

international relief efforts established
foreign military troops provided assistance

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17
Q

example of a foreign military troop that provided assistance

A

the Australian Air Force improved air traffic
control at Banda Aceh airport, Indonesia

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18
Q

how many agencies provided relief efforts

A

involved more than 160 aid organisations
and UN agencies

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19
Q

longer term responses

A

large scale reconstruction
tourist resorts rebuilt
tsunami awareness began in schools
practice and evacuation drills established
coastal zones were hazard mapped - identifies areas most at risk

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20
Q

although reconstruction programmes were implemented ….

A

many thousands were still left in tents one year on

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21
Q

example of a tourist resort that was rebuilt

A

phuket, thailand

22
Q

what is a negative to the reconstruction of tourist resorts

A

some native coastal communities
were forced out by new developments, such as Andhra Pradesh, India

23
Q

where did the EQ occur

A

the Ocean floor 240km north - west of Sumatra, Indonesia.
15m vertical displacement of 1600km of the sea bed led to a massive tsunami

24
Q

how long did the EQ last and why was the EQ not typical?

A

longest ever recorded EQ–> lasted 12 minutes

most EQ last between 10-30 seconds

25
Q

how many countries were affected by the EQ and give 4 examples?

A

Thailand
Sri Lanka
Sumatra
Malaysia

12 countries were hit in total

26
Q

what % of the population in Aceh Province lost livelihoods

A

44% of the population living in Aceh Province, Indonesia lost livelihoods.

27
Q

how did political tension impact on long-term responses

A

slowed aid distribution
= Sri Lanka aid was delayed to areas held to rebel Tamil Tigers

existing gov prejudices were highlighted
= in India the dalits an underclass were ignored by the government

28
Q

economic impacts

A

2006: Thailand + Malaysia

= tourism industry recovering BUT visitor numbers 20% lower than before
= 1 mill+ jobs lost directly –> farming, fishing + tourism made up 70% of GDP in Indonesia = many families left with no source of £ for yrs –> farmers + fishermen are poorest

29
Q

cost of damage

A

just under $10 bill

30
Q

environmental impacts

A

mangrove forests destroyed –> World Conservation Union estimated that 200ha need replanting

maldives –> fresh H2O supplies polluted = 16 out of 17 Coral Atolls uninhabitable = affects tourism

31
Q

how many people were forced to leave local areas

A

~1.69m

32
Q

short term responses

A

1.2mill children immunised against diseases spreading in refugee camps

Oxfam: tents, blankets, food, clean water –> helped 2.5m overall

33
Q

long term responses

A

UNICEF: construction of 300 primary schools
Cash for Work Programme –> 60-70% of fishermen back in business

34
Q

what does the Cash for work programme stand for

A

work for survivors –> rebuilding boats, building, desalinating land

35
Q

what does IOTWS stand for?

A

Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System

36
Q

what is involved in the IOTWS?

A

DART detection buoys
satellite communication

37
Q

example where the IOTWS has been used

A

17 July 2006 Java tsunami

38
Q

how successful was the IOTWS during the Java tsunami

A

SMS message sent to ~ 400 available addresses
fully operational + worked as expected = tsunami bulletins issued to contact points in Indian Ocean in normal time frames

39
Q

some limitations of the IOTWS

A

SMS list didn’t contain many Java coastal addresses = generally didn’t receive official warnings
race against time –> earthquake only 200km from Java coast = arrived 15 mins later

40
Q

IOTWS - what future improvements are needed?

A

education –> can’t just rely on science-based warnings - may arrive sooner than warnings generated
gaps in science + tech. –> need quicker assessment + warning for short-range tsunamis

41
Q

factors affected the impacts and responses to the Indian Ocean Tsunami?

A
  • Technology
  • Hazard profile
  • Education
  • Culture/conflict
  • Area
  • Time
  • Wealth
  • Experience
  • Elderly/age
42
Q

how did technology affect the impacts and responses?

A

infrequency of tsunamis = no warning system existed for Indian Ocean

43
Q

how did hazard profile affect the impacts and responses?

A

9.2 on Richter Scale - 12 mins long earthquake = longest

44
Q

how did education affect the impacts and responses?

A

educated = knew drawback is a sign = ran to hills

45
Q

how did culture/conflict affect the impacts and responses?

A

NE coast of Sri Lanka + Aceh province in Indonesia = war zones = distressed state

46
Q

how did area affect the impacts and responses?

A

lowland coastal plains = vulnerable to flooding

47
Q

how did time affect the impacts and responses?

A

first hit under 30 mins = lack time to prepare

48
Q

how did wealth affect the impacts and responses?

A

LICs = lack supplies, rely on foreign aid = slower

49
Q

how did experience affect the impacts and responses?

A

infrequent –> nothing of that scale in last 300 yrs = lack knowledge

50
Q

how did elderly/age affect the impacts and responses?

A

youthful pop. = vulnerable –> 1/3 of deaths children
Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka + Thailand = 13,954 over 60 yrs killed-

GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 - HAZARDS (9 decks)

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