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NASM > Volcab Ch 5 > Flashcards

Volcab Ch 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abduction

A

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

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2
Q

Acceleration

A

When a muscle exerts more force than is being placed on it, the muscle will shorten; also known as a concentric contraction or force production.

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3
Q

Adduction

A

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.

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4
Q

Advanced Stage

A

The second stage of the dynamic pattern perspective theory when learners gain the ability to alter and manipulate the movements more efficiently to adapt to environmental changes.

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5
Q

Anatomic Locations

A

Refers to terms that describe locations on the body.

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6
Q

Anatomic Position

A

The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.

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7
Q

Anterior (or Ventral)

A

On the front of the body.

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8
Q

Association Stage

A

Fitt?s second stage in which learners become more consistent with their movement with practice.

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9
Q

Augmented Feedback

A

Information provided by some external source such as a fitness professional, videotape, or a heart rate monitor.

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10
Q

Autonomous Stage

A

Fitt?s third stage of motor learning in which the learner has refined the skill to a level of automation.

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11
Q

Biomechanics

A
  1. A study that uses principles of physics to quantitatively study how forces interact within a living body. 2. The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
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12
Q

Chain

A

A system that is linked together or connected.

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13
Q

Cognitive Stage

A

Fitt?s first stage of motor learning that describes how the learner spends much of the time thinking about what they are about to perform.

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14
Q

Concentric Muscle Action

A

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.

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15
Q

Contralateral

A

Positioned on the opposite side of the body.

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16
Q

Decelerate

A

When the muscle is exerting less force than is being placed on it, the muscle lengthens; also known as an eccentric muscle action or force reduction.

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17
Q

Distal

A

Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.

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18
Q

Dorsal

A

Refers to a position on the back or toward the back of the body.

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19
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

When applied to the ankle, the ability to bend at the ankle, moving the front of the foot upward.

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20
Q

Dynamic Functional Flexibility

A

Multiplanar soft tissue extensibility with optimal neuromuscular efficiency throughout the full range of motion.

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21
Q

Dynamic Joint Stabilization

A

The ability of the stabilizing muscles of a joint to produce optimum stabilization during functional, multiplanar movements.

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22
Q

Dynamic Pattern Perspective (DPP)

A

The theory that suggests that movement patterns are produced as a result of the combined interactions among many systems (nervous, muscular, skeletal, mechanical, environmental, past experiences, and so forth).

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23
Q

Dynamic Stabilization

A

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it. Also known as an isometric contraction.

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24
Q

Eccentric Muscle Action

A

An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.

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25
Q

Endurance Strength

A

The ability to produce and maintain force for prolonged periods.

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26
Q

Expert Stage

A

The third stage of the dynamic pattern perspective model in which the learner now focuses on recognizing and coordinating their joint motions in the most efficient manner.

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27
Q

Explosive Strength

A

The ability to develop a sharp rise in force production once a movement pattern has been initiated.

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28
Q

Extension

A

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

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29
Q

External Feedback

A

Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.

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30
Q

External Rotation

A

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.

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31
Q

Feedback

A
  1. The utilization of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to aid the kinetic chain in the development of permanent neural representations of motor patterns.2. The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.
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32
Q

Flexion

A

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

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33
Q

Force

A

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

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34
Q

Force-Couple

A

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.

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35
Q

Force-Velocity Curve

A

The ability of muscles to produce force with increasing velocity.

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36
Q

Frontal Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.

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37
Q

Functional Efficiency

A

The ability of the nervous and muscular systems to move in the most efficient manner while placing the least amount of stress on the kinetic chain.

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38
Q

Functional Strength

A

The ability of the neuromuscular system to perform dynamic eccentric, isometric, and concentric contractions efficiently in a multiplanar environment.

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39
Q

Goniometric Assessment

A

Technique measuring angular measurement and joint range of motion.

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40
Q

Horizontal abduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.

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41
Q

Horizontal adduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.

42
Q

Human Movement Science

A

The study of functional anatomy, functional biomechanics, motion learning, and motor control.

43
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

44
Q

Inferior

A

Positioned below a point of reference.

45
Q

Internal Feedback

A

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

46
Q

Internal Rotation

A

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

47
Q

Inversion

A

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus moves medially.

48
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Positioned on the same side of the body.

49
Q

Isokinetic Muscle Action

A

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.

50
Q

Isometric Muscle Action

A

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.

51
Q

Joint Motion

A

Movement in a plane occurs about an axis running perpendicular to the plane.

52
Q

Knowledge of Performance (KP)

A

A method of feedback that provides information about the quality of the movement pattern performed.

53
Q

Knowledge of Results (KR)

A

A method of feedback after the completion of a movement to inform the client about the outcome of their performance.

54
Q

Lateral

A

Positioned toward the outside of the body.

55
Q

Lateral Flexion

A

The bending of the spine (cervical, thoracic, or lumbar) from side to side.

56
Q

Law of Acceleration

A

Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the size of the force causing it, in the same direction as the force, and inversely proportional to the size of the object.

57
Q

Law of Action-Reaction

A

Every force produced by one object onto another produces an opposite force of equal magnitude.

58
Q

Law of Gravitation

A

Two bodies have an attraction to each other that is directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance from each other.

59
Q

Law of Thermodynamics

A

Weight reduction can only take place when there is more energy burned than consumed.

60
Q

Length-Tension Relationship

A

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

61
Q

Limit Strength

A

The maximum force a muscle can produce in a single contraction.

62
Q

Medial

A

Positioned near the middle of the body.

63
Q

Mode

A

Type of exercise performed.

64
Q

Momentum

A

The product of the size of the object (mass) and its velocity (speed with which it is moving).

65
Q

Motor Behavior

A
  1. The manner in which the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems interact to produce an observable mechanical response to the incoming sensory information from the internal and external environments. 2. Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
66
Q

Motor Control

A
  1. The involved structures and mechanisms that the nervous system uses to gather sensory information and integrate it with previous experiences to produce a motor response. 2. How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
67
Q

Motor Development

A

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

68
Q

Motor Learning

A

The integration of motor control processes with practice and experience that lead to relatively permanent changes in the capacity to produced skilled movements.

69
Q

Multisensory Condition

A

Training environment that provides heightened stimulation to proprioceptors and mechanoreceptors.

70
Q

Muscle Action Spectrum

A

The range of muscle actions that include concentric, eccentric, and isometric actions.

71
Q

Muscle Synergies

A

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.

72
Q

Neural Adaptation

A

An adaptation to strength training in which muscles are under the direct command of the nervous system.

73
Q

Neutralizer

A

Muscles that counteract the unwanted action of other muscles.

74
Q

Novice Stage

A

The first stage of the dynamic pattern perspective model in which the learner simplifies movements by minimizing the specific timing of joint motions, which tends to result in movement that is rigid and jerky.

75
Q

Perception

A

The integrating of sensory information with past experiences or memories.

76
Q

Plane of Motion

A

Refers to the plane (sagittal, frontal, or transverse) in which the exercise is performed.

77
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Ankle motion such that the toes are pointed toward the ground.

78
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

On the back of the body.

79
Q

Preprogrammed

A

Activation of muscles in healthy people that occurs automatically and independently of other muscles before movement.

80
Q

Pronation

A

A triplanar movement that is associated with force reduction.

81
Q

Proximal

A

Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.

82
Q

Reactive Strength

A

The ability of the neuromuscular system to switch from an eccentric contraction to a concentric contraction quickly and efficiently.

83
Q

Relative Strength

A

The maximum force that an individual can generate per unit of body weight, regardless of the time of force development.

84
Q

Rotary Motion

A

Movement of the bones around the joints.

85
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.

86
Q

Scapular Depression

A

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula.

87
Q

Scapular Elevation

A

Upward (superior) motion of the scapula.

88
Q

Scapular Protraction

A

Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline.

89
Q

Scapular Retraction

A

Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline.

90
Q

Sensation

A

The process whereby sensory information is received by the receptor and transferred either to the spinal cord for reflexive motor behavior or to higher cortical areas for processing.

91
Q

Sensorimotor Integration

A
  1. The ability of the nervous system to gather and interpret sensory information to anticipate, select, and execute the proper motor response. 2. The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
92
Q

Sensors

A

Provide feedback from the effectors to the central controller and cardiovascular control system. They include baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and muscle afferents.

93
Q

Sensory Feedback

A

The process whereby sensory information is used to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

94
Q

Speed Strength

A

The ability of the neuromuscular system to produce the greatest possible force in the shortest possible time.

95
Q

Starting Strength

A

The ability to produce high levels of force at the beginning of a movement.

96
Q

Structural Efficiency

A

The structural alignment of the muscular and skeletal systems that allows the body to be balanced in relation to its center of gravity.

97
Q

Superior

A

Positioned above a point of reference.

98
Q

Torque

A
  1. The ability of any force to cause rotation around an axis. 2. A force that producesrotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.
99
Q

Transverse Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

100
Q

Ventral

A

Refers to a position on the front or toward the front of the body.

NASM (18 decks)

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