Volcab Ch 2 Flashcards
Acidosis
The accumulation of excessive hydrogen that causes increased acidity of the blood and muscle.
Actin
One of the two major myofilaments, actin is the ?thin? filament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.
Action Potential
Nerve impulse that allows neurons to transmit information.
Aerobic
Activities requiring oxygen.
Afferent Neurons
(Also known as sensory neurons) They gather incoming sensory information from the environment and deliver it to the central nervous system.
Agonist
Muscles that are the primary movers in a joint motion; also known as prime movers.
Anaerobic
Activities that do not require oxygen.
Anaerobic Threshold
The point during high-intensity activity when the body can no longer meet its demand for oxygen and anaerobic metabolism predominates; also called lactate threshold.
Antagonist
Muscles that act in direct opposition to agonists (prime movers).
Appendicular Skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.
Arthrokinematics
- Joint motion. 2. The motions of joints in the body.
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones.
Articulation
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs; also known as a joint.
Axial Skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.
Axon
A cylindric projection from the cell body that transmits nervous impulses to other neurons or effector sites.
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Most-mobile joints that allow motion in all three planes. Examples would include the shoulder and hip.
Bipenniform Muscle Fibers
Muscle fibers that are arranged with short, oblique fibers that extend from both sides of a long tendon. An example would be the rectus femoris.
Bones
Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.
Cell Body
The portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and a Golgi complex.
Central Nervous System
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Chemoreceptors
Sensory receptors that respond to chemical interaction (smell and taste).
Collagen
A protein that is found in connective tissue that provides tensile strength. Collagen, unlike elastin, is not very elastic.
Condyles
Projections protruding from the bone to which muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach; also known as a process, epicondyle, tubercle, and trochanter.
Condyloid Joint
A joint where the condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone to form the joint. An example would include the knee joint.
Coronal Plane
An imaginary plane that bisects the body to create front and back halves; also known as the frontal plane.
Dendrites
A portion of the neuron that is responsible for gathering information from other structures.
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites.
Diaphysis
The shaft portion of a long bone.
Effectors
Any structure innervated by the nervous system, including organs, glands, muscle tissue, connective tissue, blood vessels, bone marrow, and so forth.
Efferent Neurons
Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the effector sites such as muscles or glands; also known as motor neurons.
Elastin
A protein that is found in connective tissue that has elastic properties.
Endocrine System
The system of glands in the human body that is responsible for producing hormones.
Endomysium
The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.
Energy-Utilizing
When energy is gathered from an energy-yielding source by some storage unit (ATP) and then transferred to a site that can use this energy.
Epicondyle
Projections protruding from the bone to which muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach; also known as a condyle, process, tubercle, and trochanter.
Epimysium
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.
Epiphyseal Plates
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is alayer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.
Epiphysis
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.
Eversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus moves laterally.
Fan-Shaped Muscle
A muscular fiber arrangement that has muscle fibers span out from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other end. An example would be the pectoralis major.
Fascia
The outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle.
Fascicle
A grouping of muscle fibers that house myofibrils.
Fast Twitch Fibers
Muscle fibers that can also be characterized by the term type IIA and IIB. These fibers contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin. These fibers fatigue faster than type I fibers.
Flat Bones
A classification of bone that is involved in protection and provides attachment sites for muscles. Examples include the sternum and scapulae.
Formed Elements
Refers to the cellular component of blood that includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
Fossa
A depression or indented portion of bone, which could be a muscle attachment site; also known as a depression.
Frontal Lobe
A portion of the cerebral cortex that contains structures necessary for the planning and control of voluntary movement.
Fusiform
A muscular fiber arrangement that has a full muscle belly that tapers off at both ends. An example would include the biceps brachii.
Gliding Joint
A nonaxial joint that moves back and forth or side to side. Examples would include the carpals of the hand and the facet joints.
Golgi Tendon Organs
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Hemoglobin
Oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells and also gives blood its red color.
Hierarchical Theories
Theories that propose all planning and implementation of movement result from one or more higher brain centers.
Hinge Joint
A uniaxial joint that allows movement in one plane of motion. Examples would include the elbow and ankle.
Human Movement System
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.
Insulin
A protein hormone released by the pancreas that helps glucose move out of the blood and into the cells in the body, where the glucose can be used as energy and nourishment.
Integrative (Function of Nervous System)
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.
Intermuscular Coordination
The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow all muscles to work together with proper activation and timing between them.
Interneurons
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
Intramuscular Coordination
The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow optimal levels of motor unit recruitment and synchronization within a muscle.
Irregular Bones
A classification of bone that has its own unique shape and function, which does not fit the characteristics of the other categories. Examples include the vertebrae and pelvic bones.
Joint Receptors
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
Joints
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs; also known as an articulation.
Kinetic Chain
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.
Ligament
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.
Long Bones
A characteristic of bone that has a long cylindric body with irregular or widened bony ends. Examples include the clavicle and humerus.
Longitudinal Muscle Fiber
A muscle fiber arrangement in which its fibers run parallel to the line of pull. An example would include the sartorius.
Lower-Brain
The portion of the brain that includes the brainstem, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum.
Lumbar Spine
The portion of the spine, commonly referred to as the small of the back. The lumbar portion of the spine is located between the thorax (chest) and the pelvis.
Lumbo-Pelvic-Hip Complex
Involves the anatomic structures of the lumbar and thoracic spines, the pelvic girdle, and the hip joint.
Lumbo-Pelvic-Hip Postural Distortion
Altered joint mechanics in an individual that lead to increased lumbar extension and decreased hip extension.
M-Line
The portion of the sarcomere where the myosin filaments connect with very thin filaments called titin and create an anchor for the structures of the sarcomere.
Mechanoreceptors
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.
Medullar Cavity
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.
Mitochondria
The mitochondria are the principal energy source of the cell. Mitochondria convert nutrients into energy as well as doing many other specialized tasks.
Motor (efferent) Neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites.
Motor (Function of Nervous System)
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information.
Motor Unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
Multipenniform
Muscles that have multiple tendons with obliquely running muscle fibers.
Muscle Fiber Arrangement
Refers to the manner in which the fibers are situated in relation to the tendon.
Muscle Fiber Recruitment
Refers to the recruitment pattern of muscle fiber or motor units in response to creating force for a specific movement.
Muscle Spindles
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Muscular System
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton.
Myofibrils
A portion of muscle that contains myofilaments.
Myofilaments
The contractile components of muscle, actin and myosin.
Myosin
One of the two major myofilaments known as the thick filament that works with actin to produce muscular contraction.
Nervous System
A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body.
Neural Activation
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.
Neuromuscular Junction
The point at which the neuron meets the muscle to allow the action potential to continue its impulse.
Neuron
The functional unit of the nervous system.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.
Nociceptors
Sensory receptors that respond to pain.
Nonsynovial Joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.
Occipital Lobe
A portion of the cerebral cortex that deals with vision.
Origin
The more fixed, central, or larger attachment of a muscle?compare with insertion.
Osteoblasts
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation.
Osteoclasts
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue.
Parietal Lobe
A portion of the cerebral cortex that is involved with sensory information.
Perimysium
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles.
Periosteum
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps(invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.
Photoreceptors
Sensory receptors that respond to light (vision).
Pivot Joint
Allows movement in predominately the transverse plane; examples would include the atlantoaxial joint at the base of the skull and between the radioulnar joint.
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.
Quadrilateral Muscle Fiber
An arrangement of muscle fibers that is usually flat and four-sided. An example would include the rhomboid.
Rate Coding
Muscular force can be amplified by increasing the rate of incoming impulses from the motor neuron after all prospective motor units have been activated.
Remodeling
The process of resorption and formation of bone.
Roll
The joint motion that depicts the rolling of one joint surface on another. Examples would include that of the femoral condyles over the tibial condyles during a squat.
Saddle Joint
One bone is shaped as a saddle, the other bone is shaped as the rider; the only example is in the carpometacarpal joint in the thumb.
Sarcolemma
A plasma membrane that surrounds muscle fibers.
Sarcomere
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin.
Sarcoplasm
Cell components that contain glycogen, fats, minerals, and oxygen that are contained within the sarcolemma.
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
Sensory (Function of Nervous System)
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.
Skeletal System
The body?s framework, composed of bones and joints.
Slide
The joint motion that depicts the sliding of a joint surface across another. Examples would include the tibial condyles moving across the femoral condyles during a knee extension.
Sliding Filament Theory
The proposed process by which the contraction of the filaments within the sarcomere takes place.
Slow Twitch Fibers
Another term for type I muscle fibers, fibers that are characterized by a greater amount of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin. These fibers are usually found to have a higher endurance capacity than fast twitch fibers.
Spin
Joint motion that depicts the rotation of one joint surface on another. Examples would include the head of the radius rotating on the end of the humerus during pronation and supination of the forearm.
Stabilizer
Muscles that support or stabilize the body while the prime movers and the synergists perform the movement patterns.
Sulcus
A groove in a bone that allows a soft structure to pass through.
Supination
A triplanar motion that is associated with force production.
Supine
Lying on one?s back.
Synarthrosis Joint
A joint without any joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue. Examples would include the sutures of the skull and the symphysis pubis.
Synergist
Muscles that assist prime movers during functional movement patterns.
Synovial Joints
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body.
Temporal Lobe
A portion of the cerebral cortex that deals with hearing.
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.
Thoracic Spine
The 12 vertebrae in mid torso that are attached to the rib cage.
Trochanter
Projections protruding from the bone to which muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach; also known as a condyle, process, tubercle, and epicondyle.
Tubercle
Projections protruding from the bone to which muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach; also known as a condyle, process, epicondyle, and trochanter.
Unipenniform Muscle Fiber
Muscle fibers that are arranged with short, oblique fibers that extend from one side of a long tendon. An example would include the tibialis posterior.
Vertebral Column
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.
