Vocabulary (Chapter 4) Flashcards
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
Abduction
Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
Adduction
A band of fibrous tissue that holds the structures together abnormally.
Adhesion
The lack of muscle coordination during the voluntary movement.
Ataxia
Lacking normal muscle tone or strength.
Atonic
Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures caused by pathology or by disease of the muscle over a long period of time.
Atrophy
Extreme slowness in movement.
Bradykinesia
Inflammation and swelling of the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel, which then creates pressure on the median nerve.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
A debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity.
Chronic fatigue syndrome
The circular movement at the far end of a limb.
Circumduction
The permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissue are replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues.
Contracture
Movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle and narrows the angles between the top of the foot and the front of the leg.
Dorsiflexion
Distortion or impairment of voluntary movement in which the movements appear purposeful but are not under voluntary control, as in tics or spasms.
Dyskinesia
A condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement.
Dystonia
A diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation.
Electromyography
Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow.
Epicondylitis
The study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment.
Ergonomics
A specialist who works under a physician’s supervision to develop, implement and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness.
Exercise physiologist
Inflammation of a fascia.
Fasciitis (or fascitis)
A debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse and /or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms.
Fibromyalgia syndrome
A harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.
Ganglion cyst
A calcium deposit that is in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel) bone and can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis.
Heel spur
Slight paralysis or weakness affecting the one side of the body.
Hemiparesis
Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body.
Hemiplegia
The protrusion or a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it.
Hernia
Abnormally increased motor function or activity; also known as hyperactivity.
Hyperkinesia
A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles.
Hypotonia
Inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint.
Impingement syndrome
The point where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon.
Insertion
Pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest.
Intermittent Claudication
A group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system.
Muscular dystrophy
A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction (where the neuron activates the muscles to contract) and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles.
Myasthenia gravis
The herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it.
Myocele
The sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles.
Myoclonus
A specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia syndrome, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpel tunnel syndrome.
Myofascial release
The degeneration of muscle tissue.
Myolysis
Weakness or slight muscular paralysis.
Myoparesis
Surgical suturing of a muscle.
Myorrhaphy
Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle.
Neuromuscular
Jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep.
Nocturnal myoclonus
Slanted or at an angle.
Oblique
The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply.
Paralysis
Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.
Paraplegia
A physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function.
Physiatrist
Inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot, causing foot or heel pain when walking or running.
Plantar fasciitis
A muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body.
Polymyositis
The act of rotating the arm or the leg so the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.
Pronation
Paralysis of all four extremities.
Quadriplegia
A diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength.
Range of motion testing
The loss of muscle mass, strength and function that come with aging.
Sarcopenia
A painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away form the tibia (shin bone).
Shin splint
Myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm; also known as hiccups.
Singultus
A stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side; also known as wryneck.
Spasmodic torticollis
A ringlike muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.
Sphincter
An injury to a joint, such as ankle, knee or wrist, that usually involves a stretched or torn ligament.
Sprain
The suturing of the end of a tendon to bone.
Tenodesis
An inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon.
Tenosynovitis
The release of a tendon from adhesions.
Tenolysis
Surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon.
Tenorrhaphy
In a crosswise fashion or direction.
Transverse
Stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve.
Muscle innervation
Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint.
Flexion
Increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb.
Extension
The act of raising or lifting a body part.
Elevation
A muscle that raises a body part.
Levator
The act of lowering a body part.
Depression
A muscle that lowers a body part.
Depressor
A circular movement around an axis such as a shoulder joint. Turns bone on its own axis.
Rotation
Act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot is turned forward or upward.
Supination
The movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle.
Plantar flexion
Sole of the foot.
Plantar
Where muscle begin, and is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton.
Origin
Relating to the chest.
Pectoral
Means toward the side of the body.
Lateralis
Means toward the midline of the body.
Medialis
Straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body.
Rectus
Great or large.
Maximus
Condition causing weakness.
Debilitating
A physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function.
Neurologist
Restoration, following disease, illness or injury of the ability to function in a normal or near-normal manner.
Rehabilitation
Specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints and muscles.
Sports medicine physician
Relating to spasm.
Spasmodic
Means a contraction or shortening of the muscles of the neck.
Torticollis
Grave or serious.
Gravis
Tender areas that most commonly develop where the fascia comes into contact with a muscle.
Trigger points
Pain that originates in one area of the body, but is felt in another.
Referred pain
Pertaining to the wrist.
Carpal
Refers to the round prominence at the end of a bone. (ie. elbow)
Condyle
Tennis elbow
Lateral epicondylitis
golfer’s elbow
Medial epicondylitis
Front and side of the body.
Anterolateral
Back and middle of the body.
Posterodmedial
Means addition to.
Adjunct
RICE
Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation
